BackgroundIn India, community health workers’ (CHW) effectiveness in providing home-based neonatal care (HBNC) has been well documented. The nature of challenges faced and strategies adopted while providing HBNC services need to be studied in-depth.MethodsA qualitative study to understand the challenges faced and strategies used by Sakhis (women CHW) while providing services as part of a HBNC program implemented by a non-profit organization. Data consisted of 20 in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions (FGD) with Sakhis.ResultsSakhis negotiated with the community to start working as a CHW. They faced challenges while changing behaviors at individual level and also while bringing about a change in harmful normative practices that increased chances of maternal and neonatal mortality. Managing crises at the time of deliveries and facilitating a safe delivery was the most critical challenge faced by many Sakhis.The key strategies used by Sakhis included: proactively and persistently providing services even when they faced resistance from the woman or her family; evolving contextually suitable counseling techniques and tactics to bring about behavioral change; balancing compliance to traditional practices and promoting HBNC; defying traditional practices and assisting the woman in times of an emergency to save lives. Having on-call support from supervisors and cultivating a good working relationship with health providers facilitated effective service provision by Sakhis.ConclusionCHWs having a strong sense of commitment can develop strategies to address challenges and provide HBNC services effectively if they also have strong supervisory support.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12905-018-0511-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundCommunity Health Workers (CHWs) play an instrumental role in promoting socio-behavioural change at the community level, which results in changed indicators of community health. While outcomes are mostly reviewed for achieving program objectives, it is pertinent to understand the process of program implementation mainly from the perception of participating CHWs.MethodsA qualitative study to understand the perception of Sakhi’s (CHWs) regarding the outcomes of their participation in Home-Based Neonatal Care (HBNC) Program implemented by a non-governmental organization (NGO). Data consisted of 3 FGDs and 20 in-depth unstructured interviews with participating Sakhis.ResultsSakhis perceived their ability to take decisions at critical phases of the program as an important factor influencing their performance. The opportunity to participate as a Sakhi in the health programme initiated a process of change at the personal level. The changes perceived by Sakhis were enhancement in knowledge, skills and capabilities of Sakhis. The combination of improved skills, knowledge and attitude had culminated in the process of experiencing self-empowerment for the participating Sakhis. Their ability to positively influence the individuals and community with their initiatives to improve women and child health and save lives in critical situations facilitated development of a new identity and improved societal status in their communities. Changed power-relations at the family and community level promoted the involvement of Sakhis in the broader development agenda. Sakhis’ ability to strategize goals, evaluate their own abilities, their willingness to upgrade knowledge and take others along in bringing social change, was an evident movement towards self-development.ConclusionAn opportunity for local women to participate in development programs creates potential for self-development as a cascading effect in addition to the accomplishment of planned program objective.

Context: Ambuja Cement Foundation (ACF) started replicating the famous “Gadchiroli” model to reduce neonatal mortality in Chandrapur in 2005. ACF conducted the Home-Based Newborn Care (HBNC) model through trained female health workers, viz., “SAKHIs.” In 2008, Government of India introduced community health worker, viz., Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA). ACF withdrew its services steadily and few SAKHIs were hired as ASHAs. Aims: We assessed and compared the knowledge level and skills of trained ASHA workers with SAKHIs in providing HBNC. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three blocks of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra, India. A structured questionnaire consisting of 34 questions was used for knowledge assessment and checklists assessed hand washing, weight recording, temperature recording, kangaroo mother care (KMC) position, suction and bag and mask ventilation (BMV) skills on manikins. Results: 135 healthcare workers participated. The mean (SD) score of current SAKHIs (23.89 (1.9) was significantly higher than former SAKHIs (currently ASHAs) (17.97 (2.92), former SAKHIs (currently not engaged in HBNC) (16.73 (2.95) and ASHAs not worked as SAKHIs in the past (16.19 (3.19) [all P < 0.001]. Similar trend was seen in all skill sets. The skills of ASHAs not worked as SAKHIs previously were abysmal, with no ASHA being able to perform BMV and KMC skills, and only 4 (7.5%) who could perform suctioning. A typical trend was observed with current SAKHIs faring best followed by former SAKHIS (currently ASHAs), former SAKHIs (currently not in HBNC), and ASHAs not worked as SAKHIs faring worst. Conclusion: The skills and knowledge of ASHA workers are far deficient compared to SAKHIs despite similar training components, potentially hampering neonatal mortality reduction. Quality of training and supportive supervision mechanism of ASHAs should be explored.