Context:Piqueria trinervia Cav. (Asteraceae) is a plant species with a long history in traditional medicine to cure diarrhoea and other digestive disorders.Objective: The study investigates the antigiardial activity of piquerol, trinervinol, red oil and two fractions (F1 and F2) from P. trinervia.Materials and methods:P. trinervia was collected in the Ajusco in Mexico City. Aerial parts were ground and mixed with water to obtain the extract, which was treated with dichloromethane to isolate piquerol and trinervinol (P & T). Remnants were the red oil, fractions 1 and 2 (RO, F1 & F2). Trophozoites of Giardia intestinalis were treated with P, T, RO, F1 and F2 at different concentrations (0.78–200 μg/mL) for 48 h. Antigiardial activity was measured using the methylene blue reduction, and the cytotoxicity assayed on human fibroblasts and Vero cells by reduction of tetrazolium salts.Results: Trinervinol and piquerol showed antigiardial activity with an IC50 = 2.03 and 2.42 μg/mL, and IC90 = 13.03 and 8.74 μg/mL, respectively. The concentrations of trinervinol (CC50 = 590 μg/mL) and piquerol (CC50 = 501 μg/mL) were not cytotoxic to human fibroblasts.Conclusions: Compounds from P. trinervia showed antigiardial activity; to enhance this activity, piquerol and trinervinol can be chemically modified.

ANTECEDENTES: los estudios de casos y controles son de utilidad cuando se buscan factores de riesgo para enfermedades poco comunes o que tienen un periodo de latencia prologado.OBJETIVO: identificar las principales características del estudio de casos y controles (Ca-Co) para favorecer la disminución de sesgos durante su evaluación o conducción.DESCRIPCIÓN: este diseño se caracteriza por la selección de sujetos con o sin el evento de interés. Éstos se comparan para identificar los factores de riesgo que favorecieron la presencia de este evento. La finalidad de este tipo de estudios es la de inferir una relación causal expresada mediante razón de momios y los intervalos de confianza al 95%.CONCLUSIONES: el diseño de Ca-CO es relativamente fácil y rápido de realizar. Sin embargo, es susceptible a múltiples fuentes de sesgo, las cuales deben de ser minimizadas para obtener mayor confiabilidad de las inferencias obtenidas.

Background. Increasing evidence demonstrate that concentration of protein in infant formula >1.9g/100Kcal with high levels of insulinogenic aminoacids is associated with accelerated weight gain, increased fat mass accumulation and risk of adiposity. Purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine the metabolic effects in infants feed with infant formula optimized in protein.Methods. Systematic review was conducted according PRISMA Statement. RCTs with one intervention group (infant formula with 1.6-1.9gr of protein/100Kcal) and at least one comparative control group (infant formula with >1.9gr of protein/100Kcal) were included. Standardized mean differences (SMD), through random model were calculated. Results. 15 RCT were included. Optimized protein in infant formula was associated with less gain of BMI at 24 months of follow-up (SMD -0.25, IC95% -0.36 to -0.13, p 0.01) and less fat mass accumulation (SMD -0.68, IC 95% -0.98 to -0.37, p 0.01). Optimized protein was also associated to less gain of weight, weight/age Z-score, weight/length Z-score, BUN (mmol/dL) and IGF−1 (ng/ml). No effect on length/age Z-score was observed. Conclusions. Robust evidence showed optimized protein (1.6gr/100Kcal to 1.9gr/100Kcal) in infant formula is associated with metabolic benefits in infants with less weight gain, BMI and fat mass accumulation.

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