It can, therefore, be concluded that low-fat cow's milk has significant beneficial effects on skin wound healing. Therefore, it may be used as a healing agent in different types of the wound in humans after certain clinical trials.

Background: Traditional medicine discussed in the literature introduced Terminalia catappa (TC) L. as an antiulcer plant. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the activity of hydroalcoholic extract from TC leaves against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Methods: Animals were divided into 13 groups, each consisting of six rats. The rats fasted for 48 hours. Various doses of Terminalia catappa leaf extract (TCLE) (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg), ranitidine (50 mg/kg), and normal saline (5 mL/kg) were administered orally to the assigned group of rats. Indomethacin (30 mg/kg) was administered to all six groups before treatment. Other groups received only TCLE (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg), ranitidine (50 mg/kg), CMC (1% solution), or indomethacin. Five hours after the drugs were administered, the animals' stomachs were opened through the large curvature and lesions were observed. One-way ANOVA and LSD tests were used for data analysis, and the minimum significance level was P < 0.05. Results:The results showed that all doses of TCLE and ranitidine had a significant effect (P > 0.05) against the gastric damage caused by indomethacin. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between TCLE (400 mg/kg) and ranitidine. Conclusions: The flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and antioxidant properties of TCLE can decrease some of the effects of an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer.

Background: Traditional medicine discussed in the literature introduced Terminalia catappa (TC) L. as an antiulcer plant. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the activity of hydroalcoholic extract from TC leaves against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Methods: Animals were divided into 13 groups, each consisting of six rats. The rats fasted for 48 hours. Various doses of Terminalia catappa leaf extract (TCLE) (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg), ranitidine (50 mg/kg), and normal saline (5 mL/kg) were administered orally to the assigned group of rats. Indomethacin (30 mg/kg) was administered to all six groups before treatment. Other groups received only TCLE (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg), ranitidine (50 mg/kg), CMC (1% solution), or indomethacin. Five hours after the drugs were administered, the animals’ stomachs were opened through the large curvature and lesions were observed. One-way ANOVA and LSD tests were used for data analysis, and the minimum significance level was P < 0.05. Results: The results showed that all doses of TCLE and ranitidine had a significant effect (P > 0.05) against the gastric damage caused by indomethacin. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between TCLE (400 mg/kg) and ranitidine. Conclusions: The flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and antioxidant properties of TCLE can decrease some of the effects of an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer.

Background: Pulmonary fibrosis is described as a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease of the interstitial lungs. It is associated with a potentially fatal prognosis, and patients show insignificant response to treatment. To treat paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis, multiple approaches have been used. We aimed to determine the effects of allopurinol (Allo), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Methods: A total of 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into five groups (200±20 g). Group 1 (control) and group 2 (PQ group) were intraperitoneally administered PQ (20 mg/kg) once on day seven without any treatment, while groups 3–5 orally received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Allo seven days before and three weeks following the administration of PQ, respectively. The animals were sacrificed three weeks after PQ administration. For the histopathological analysis and assessment of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (HP) contents, the animals’ blood and lungs were collected. Results: The PQ group showed significantly higher lung HP, serum MDA, and lung index in comparison with the control. Treatment with Allo, especially at 100 and 200 mg/kg, decreased HP, MDA, and lung index significantly, compared to the PQ group. Allo could prevent inflammatory cell infiltration, presence of fibroblasts, and PQ-related alveolar thickening. Conclusion: The results revealed that Allo has potential protective effects on PQ-related pulmonary fibrosis, and the role of xanthine oxidase in the exacerbation of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis was confirmed.

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