Behavioral economics has proven that negative emotions can influence investors’ decisions. One of the factors that have a negative impact on investors’ sentiment is terrorism as the new face of violence with economic consequences. The link between terrorism and capital outflow is a theoretical framework that explains how violence affects capital flight of a country. With this in mind, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of terrorist activities on capital flight in the Middle East countries during the period 2000-2016 using the Spatial Econometric Panel Data Approach. The results of this study show that terrorism and its spatial effects have a significant and positive impact on capital flight in the Middle East countries. Also, gross domestic production (GDP) and trade openness have negative effects on capital outflow. This study has important implications for policymakers in countries facing terrorist activity and investors’ trust building.

The present article is an attempt to offer the concept of political development from a novel perspective and perceive the Afghan Women image in accordance with the aforementioned viewpoint. To do so, first many efforts have been made to elucidate the author’s outlook as it contrasts with the classic stance of the concept of power and political development by reviewing the literature in development and particularly political development during the previous decades. For example Post-World War II approaches to political development which consider political development, from the Hobbesian perspective toward power, as one of the functions of government. However in a different view of power, political development found another place when it has been understood via postmodern approaches, it means power in a network of relationships, not limited to the one-way relationship between ruler and obedient. Therefore newer concept and forces find their way on political development likewise “image” as a considerable social, political and cultural concept and women as the new force. Then, the meaning of “image” as a symbolic one portraying the common universal aspect is explained. The Afghan woman image emphasizing the historic period of 2001 till now is scrutinized both formally and informally and finally the relationship between this reproduced image of Afghan women and Afghanistan political development from a novel perspective of understanding is represented.

In studies of terrorism, women are generally considered to be passive, vulnerable victims. Despite increasing awareness of the various roles of women in terrorism, the attention of media and analysts is directed at those who claim responsibility for the incidents. Therefore, the issues pertinent to the identity, gender and role of the perpetrators remain marginalized. Using descriptive-analytical method and a historical view of the evolution of women’s roles in terrorist organizations, the present research examines women’s motivation for membership in these organizations as well as transformation of women’s role in terrorist activities. The results of the research suggest that women, for personal, cultural and social reasons, play a role as members of terrorist organizations at all levels and even as leaders of these organizations. Initially, women’s role was limited to doing promotional work and collecting information and resources. But gradually, as their motivation and awareness increased and they received further military training, they now participate as effective agents in the executive, decision-making and leadership structures of terrorist organizations. The progressive trend of women’s recruitment in terrorist groups indicates that women’s role in terrorism has transformed from being passive, submissive players to being active players. This raises serious concerns regarding the prevalence of extremism among future generations as a result of women’s essential role in the upbringing of these generations. Raising awareness in the international community about the multiple roles played by women in terrorism could be effective in development of relevant policies, enhancing women’s functions, and fighting violent extremism.

Studying the relationship between the rule of law and sovereignty of religious law has always been considered one of the most controversial issues. This is even more conspicuous in the Constitutional Revolution which was the result of the coalition of religious and modernist forces. Religious forces supported the Constitutional Movement with apparent such as establishing the desired system of government to implement the religious rules and stop the interference and domination of foreigners over the country, while the modernists fought for the realization of ideas such as constitutionalism, freedom and, in a nutshell, the establishment of a modern government. The Constitutional Movement and the compliance of the ruling system with the public demand to have a more substantial role in the decision-making processes while transitioning from the traditional era and approaching a certain level of modernity, inevitably, caused numerous intellectual challenges; the pre-Constitutional power structure was quite traditional and after the Constitutional Revolution, the tendency towards “law” and the centrality of “parliament” in limiting the authority of the king became the subject of profound controversy, resulting in theorizations about the possibility or impossibility of the coexistence of tradition and modernity, and hence, the rejection or acceptance of peaceful coexistence of the manifestations of the two concepts - the religion and the law. The present article seeks to examine the relationship between the rule of law and sovereignty of religious law in the Constitutional legal system.

Today, the tourism industry is one of the most influential industries in the economies of societies, especially in countries seeking a substitute for the export of single-product resources. Having a young population seeking job and great tourism attractions in the region and the world, Iran is in a good place in terms of tourist attraction. Despite the favorable conditions, its status is not favorable in comparison to similar countries. Accordingly, the present study aims to analyze the main determinants of international tourism demand of Iran by examining the current and desirable situation during the period of 1991-2018. Also, it aims to estimate the function of tourism demand in Iran in this time period using the ARDL method. The results of the present study show that the variables of national income of the origin countries (tourist sender), the volume of trade between Iran and other countries, security, as well as the ratio of consumer price index in Iran to consumer price index in origin countries are the most important determinant indicators of Iran’s international tourism demand in the short and long term, respectively. In addition, the negative elasticity of security and price index and the positive elasticity of national income and trade volume, as well as the positive coefficient of the number of tourists in the previous period indicate the effect of these indicators in this study. Keywords: Tourism demand, ARDL, demand determinants.