A large proportion of global natural rubber production takes place in Southeast Asia. The majority of this rubber is produced by smallholders. Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia are the three principal countries involved. In Malaysia and Indonesia the smallholder sector accounts for 72% and 84% of total rubber production respectively. In other countries rubber plays a significant role on a more local basis, lmperata is a serious problem for the smallholder rubber farmer in most of Southeast Asia in three respects: the high cost (labour and/or capital) of opening lmperata-infested land, its competitive effect on rubber and annual intercrops, and the fire hazard that it poses during the dry season as a major source of combustible material. The costs of lmperata to smallholders are substantial in terms of a direct loss through fire and revenue foregone or delayed as a result of competition. Most smallholders intercrop their rubber during the first 1-3 years after planting it, and during this period lmperata is reasonably well controlled.Intercropping is only feasible for a limited period because of limited soil fertility and/or the shading effect of the rubber trees. After intercropping, lmperata tends to establish itself for a few years until it too is shaded out by the rubber. This is the problem period, during which farmers practise only limited weed management, if any.A large amount of research has been done on methods of controlling lmperata, but the recommended methods have been generally spurned by smallholders unless they have been given subsidies to apply them. This paper describes the precise nature of the Imperata problem, with reference to some of the smallholder rubber-based farming systems within Southeast Asia; the different lmperata control strategies currently practised in these farming systems; and some of the constraints on the adoption of currently and recently recommended practices. It then proposes a ten-point agenda for research on lmperata control, including two ways in which current research programmes could be usefully reoriented: first, they need to take greater account of smallholder farming systems and constraints; and second they should shift their emphasis from single-method to integrated control systems. 84

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Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that is a major health problem for women. When the right breast has been infected by Breast cancer then the contralateral (left breast) should be examined to determine whether that particular area has also been affected by Breast cancer. To solve this problem, scientists have developed a computer Audit for early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Conversion of images to numerical models has

Detection of water surface altitude is an indicator for early detection of flood disasters. The research aims to design a water surface-level detection system by using ultrasonic sensors and the ESP8266-12E module. The tools and materials used during the design are: Ultrasonic sensors HC-SR04, module ESP8266-12E, and buzzer a water container with a varied water height, the detection data will be sent to the ESP8266-12E module, then the system will send the information an output to sound the alarm. The ultrasonic HC-SR04 sensor will detect the mation in the form of a message through telegram and buzzer application. The messages delivered are several stages including standby, alert, and danger. The methods used in this design are planning, study libraries, collection of tools and materials, hardware plan, and program creation on the software. The final result is a system capable of detecting water surface level based on the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and the ESP8266-12E module through telegram and buzzer communication media.

Making a model of the air temperature in the pan to see the difference with 7 DS18B20 sensors based on the Atmega328 microcontroller aimed at the temperature between air temperature, air surface temperature, and air base temperature. Indonesia has a very wide ocean area and the natural resources in its sea area are not maximized. The use of a pan is a prototype of the breadth and depth of the ocean. making this model can also predict the location of fish and the growth of coral reefs. This temperature modeling is carried out in the evaporation pan with 7 sensors with 2 sensors in the air, 2 sensors on the surface of the water, and 3 sensors at the bottom of the evaporation pan to look for changes in temperature on the sensor and compare it with a mercury thermometer and then see the level of stability of the data. from the obtained graph. The DS18B20 sensor, which has an accuracy of ±0.5?, will be more stable than the mercury thermometer owned by the Geofusuka Station Class II Sanglah Denpasar.