Accurate indirect calorimetry studies can be performed in both ventilated and nonventilated infants weighing as little as 500 g, providing that sufficient attention is paid to technical and methodologic measurement details.

Objective To examine the influence of conduct disorder (CD) on substance initiation. Method Community adolescents without CD (n= 1165, mean baseline age= 14.6), with CD (n= 194, mean baseline age= 15.3), and youth with CD recruited from treatment (n=268, mean baseline age= 15.7) were prospectively followed and re-interviewed during young adulthood (mean ages at follow-up respectively: 20, 20.8, and 24). Young adult retrospective reports of age of substance initiation for 10 substance classes were analyzed using Cox regression analyses. Hazard ratios of initiation for the CD cohorts (community without CD as the reference) at ages 15, 18, and 21 were calculated, adjusting for baseline age, gender, and race. Results Among community subjects, CD was associated with elevated adjusted hazards for initiation of all substances, with comparatively greater hazard ratios of initiating illicit substances at age 15. By age 18, the adjusted hazard ratios remained significant except for alcohol. At age 21, the adjusted hazard ratios were significant only for cocaine, amphetamines, inhalants and club drugs. A substantial portion of community subjects without CD never initiated illicit substances. Clinical youth with CD demonstrated similar patterns, with comparatively larger adjusted hazard ratios. Conclusions CD confers increase risk for substance initiation across all substance classes at age 15 with greater relative risk for illicit substances compared to licit substances. This effect continues until age 18, with the weakest effect for alcohol. It further diminishes for other substances by 21; although, the likelihood of initiating cocaine, amphetamines, inhalants and club drugs among those who have not initiated yet continues to be highly elevated by 21.

Marijuana use by adolescents and young adults with IBD is common and perceived as beneficial. Guidelines for screening, testing, and counseling of marijuana use should be developed for patients with IBD.

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