A cross sectional study was performed among 250 health care professionals from Children Hospital, Jinnah hospital and Services Institute of Medical science Lahore, through a self-designed questionnaire to assess the knowledge of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). A total 300 questionnaires were distributed and 250 were returned, giving a response 83%. Out of 300 health care professionals 50 participants do not even know the term TDM. Only 40% participants strongly agreed that TDM is done for all patients. Only 26.8% participants agreed that TDM is carried out for all drugs. Only 63.2% participants agreed that the TDM is very costly process. Only 38.4% strongly agreed that TDM requires extra time of health care professionals and only 36% participants remain neutral to the perception that TDM is requested by patient rather than health care professionals. Limited resources and lack of technical skills are barriers in performing TDM in under-developed country like Pakistan.

The major hindrance in transdermal delivery of drugs is complex barrier of stratum corneum.     New generations lipid based nano-system, particularly transethosomes have ability to permeate from rigid network of stratum corneum. They have proved to be a promising tool for the transport of drugs. This article reviews these ethanol-based, elastic, and deformable vesicles. The major components that provide the vesicles their distinct properties are phospholipids, ethanol, edge activator, and water. Ethanol imparts softness and edge activator increases the permeation by providing elasticity, making it possible to deliver drug molecules in blood. It is a non-invasive technique that can be used as a carrier for NSAID, anticancer, antifungal, and antihypertensive, among other drugs.

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Aim: To explore the students' opinion about the learning of the cognitive domain of the course learning outcomes studied through online learning methodology. Methods: A structured questionnaire containing eleven questions regarding the cognitive domain of course learning outcomes has been distributed among the willing participants who are studying in the college of medicine. The completely filled questionnaires were evaluated. Results: Two hundreds and one (201) completely filled questionnaire were received from the medical students which included one hundred and fifteen (115) female students (57.2%) and 86 male students (42.8%). The main benefits of the online learning in the opinion of the students are that the Online teaching enhanced their capability to search for the other available teaching material on the internet, helped them in learning independently and reduced their preparation time along with travelling fatigue. The opinion expressed by the students regarding the understanding of difficult concepts is that it is better in face to face classes as compared to online lecture. Conclusion: The Online learning is an effective teaching technique in the current digital era but with some limitations as students feel difficulty in understanding the difficult concepts in medicine through online learning. Keywords: Online Learning, Cognitive Domain. Learning Outcome