This study investigates how numerous contingencies work together to influence the organizational structure of privately held businesses in China. This study is using a cross-section primary data set from 83 private firms listed in China. The data are gathered by face-to-face interviews with entrepreneurs, and six hypotheses tests are performed regarding the contingencies of organizational form. Furthermore, the empirical findings indicate that environment, strategy, size, and technology play a significant role in explaining organizational form. Finally, financial factors are important aspects of the business environment, notably in dealing with cash flow problems and in forming profit expectations.

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This study aimed to determine the impact of technology based service qualities! Toward customer loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction and further to compare this phenomenon between Islamic and conventional banks. The data was collected via adapted questionnaire and two hundred (200) questionnaires were distributed among customers. The statistical packages of social science (SPSS) is used for data analysis. The independent T test revealed that Islamic banks are significantly healthier to provide convenient and troubleshooting aspects of technology based services. Customer satisfaction plays a partial mediatory role between the technology service quality and customer loyalty. The comparison of positive mean value results show that Islamic banks employees have sufficient knowledge in order to guide their customers according to their desires on! However, this factor explores the importance of Islamic financial system in current market demand. The overall results show that all variables are statistical significant excluding one variable as convenient technology. This study is first ever attempt to use Technology as main policy variable in order to examine the real effects of customer satisfaction and loyalty in Pakistan.

The purpose of this study is to examine the key determinants of the policy of zero-leverage firms and why these firms are a financial constraint. The concept of capital structure has now adopted a new term which is known as zero-leverage (ZL) policy. Despite of endless benefits of leverage zero-leverage phenomenon is yet emerging not only just in developed countries but also in developing countries. This study has taken the sample of listed non-financial firms of Pakistan for 2006–2020. The Logit regression model is used to investigate the determinants of the zero-leverage phenomenon. Moreover, the proxy of constraint and unconstraint firms are dividend-paying and non-dividend-paying zero-leverage firms as well as SA-index respectively. The results show that the key determinants of ZL policy are profitability, growth rate, tax and dividend. Further, findings show that most of the ZL firms are a financial constraint. However, the sub-section of ZL firms is also found financially unconstraint with high profitability.

The objective of this study is to examine the trends and volume of successful application of musharakah as Islamic modes of financing among Islamic financial institutions (IFI) and standalones Islamic branches (SAB) of conventional banks in Pakistan. This study has taken four full Islamic banks and four SAB banks, who provide their services for musharakah financing. The data set for all eight banks has been extracted from annual reports of these banks, started from 2011 to 2018 and used univariate analysis. The findings of this study indicate that Meezan bank leads in running musharakah investment portfolio from both Islamic banks and SAB of conventional banks with four hundreds and seventy two (472.45) billions rupees in total and (86.34%) percent growth in Running Musharakah portfolio annually. Whereas, bank Al-Falah leads in running musharakah investment from SAB with twenty five (25.353) billions rupees. Furthermore, Meezan bank limited (MBL) gains success in running musharakah investment as sixty seven (67.61) billions Pakistani rupees in one year among all banks operating running musharakah investment banks in Pakistan.