Evaluating the empathy level of tomorrow's physicians is paramount in highlighting this subject in medical education. The well-known tool for measuring empathy is Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ).The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of empathy of medical students in the first and second years of medical training at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje using the TEQ.This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during October 2022, as an online survey among first-and second-year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. An anonymous online self-report questionnaire distributed via Google Forms was used. One section of the questionnaire addressed the socio-demographic data, year of study and gender. The second section included the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ).There was a moderately strong consistency among the answers of the students to the 16 questions of the TEQ (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.55). The total score varied in the interval 35.42±5.80; ±95.00CI:34.79-36.05). The total score for empathy among female students was insignificantly higher than among male students; Z = -0.35 and p>0.05 (p=0.072), and the total score for empathy among second-year students was significantly higher than among first-year students; Z = -5.17 and p<0.05 (p=0.000).Understanding and assessing the level of empathy of medical students during medical education is an important issue addressed during medical training.
The vertebral artery (a. vertebralis, VA) is classically described as the first branch of the ipsilateral subclavian artery (a. subclavia). This study aimed to show the aberrant pattern of a. vertebralis sinistra. The study included 1000 CTA images taken from 1000 patients. The only recorded variation in the origin of a. vertebralis was a separate origin of a. vertebralis sinistra (LVA) in 28 of the patients (2.8%). It was present as a four-vessel aortic arch pattern with a. vertebralis sinistra arising between a. carotis communis sinistra (LCCA) and a. subclavia sinistra (LSA). Establishing the diagnosis of these variations is very important before cerebral angiography or endovascular surgeries in the head and neck region are performed.
Assessment of sex-specific differences of anthropometric parameters as indicator of growth and nutritional status in preschool children from Macedonia.The study included a total of 200 healthy preschool children from Macedonian nationality. Thirthteen anthropometric parameters were measured, defining longitudinal, circular and transversal dimensionality of the skeleton using standard technique and instruments for measurement. The following indices were selected and calculated: weight-for -age; height-for-age and BMI. Skin -folds (triceps, scapula, thigh) were also measured. Qualitative examinations were with self-organizing maps.Sex-specific differences for almost all anthropometric parameters were detected, but they were not significant. Girls showed higher values than boys regarding height and weight, but there were no significant differences concerning BMI. Values at the 50 th percentile in girls were 20 kg for BW, 108.1 cm for BH and 16.82 kg/m² for BMI. The values of these parameters in boys were 19.75 kg for BW, 108.25 cm for BH and 16.24 for kg/m² for BMI. The values for triceps skin-fold were higher in boys than (13.0 ±3.0) than in girls (12.5 ±3.6).The results obtained can be used as criteria for assessment and detecting deviations in growth and nutritional status in preschool children.
The body mass index (BMI) allows for assessing the prevalence of overweight/obesity within a population and determining general obesity. Waist circumference (WC) is a simple and practical anthropometric measure for assessing central adiposity.This study aims to describe the correlation between BMI and WC and examined their significance as indicators of obesity in students.In total, 839 university students aged 18-20 (411 male and 428 female) from Skopje, R. North Macedonia were analyzed. The following anthropometric parameters and indices were considered: weight, height, waist circumference and BMI using a standard protocol.A male had a mean BMI of 24.28 kg/ m 2 and a mean WC of 88.01 cm. Females had a mean BMI of 21.56 kg/m 2 and a mean WC of 74.17 cm. There was a strong positive significant correlation between the BMI and the WC in males (r = 0.81), and a positive correlation in females ( r =0.72). In the identification of overweight/obesity, WC identified significantly more participants than the BMI (255 vs 186).Both the BMI as well as the WC detect people at risk for weight-related diseases, but these results suggest that WC is a better predictor to detect subjects at high risk for abdominal obesity. The determination of obesity based on anthropometric indicators is still an important method for early prevention of serious consequences of obesity among the student population
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