We retrospectively enrolled 7980 patients (39.9% female) who visited an outpatient cardiology clinic and had their vitamin D evaluated, in the period from 2005 to 2012, at the Cardiovascular Medical Group of Southern California (Beverly Hills, California). Out of those, we included 303 patients who underwent CACS scanning within three months of the date of serum vitamin collection. Exclusion criteria were prior coronary interventions (coronary stents or coronary artery bypass grafts). Average age was 61.8 ± 11.8 years. All patients had clinical demographics, cardiac risk factors (including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, current smoking, and family history of CVD), medication history, laboratory values, and CACS reports obtained