Background Glomerulonephritides (GN) are relatively rare kidney diseases with substantial morbidity and mortality. They are often difficult to treat, sometimes with no cure, and can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Kidney biopsy is the diagnostic procedure of choice with variable indications from center to center. It helps in identifying the exact specific diagnosis, assessing the level of disease activity and severity, and hence aids in proper therapy and helps predicting prognosis. There is a global change of pattern of glomerular disease over the last five decades. Methods Retrospective analysis of all kidney biopsies (545 cases) that were done in patients over 12 year-old over last six years in four major hospitals in Kuwait. The indications for kidney biopsy were categorized into six clinical syndromes: nephrotic syndrome, sub-nephrotic proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome plus acute kidney injury (AKI), sub-nephrotic proteinuria plus AKI, isolated hematuria, and Unexplained renal impairment. We calculated the incidence of each type of kidney disease and indication of biopsy. Results most common indication of kidney biopsy was sub-nephrotic proteinuria associated with AKI in 179 cases (32.8%). Primary Glomerulonephritis was the main diagnosis that was reported in 356 cases (65.3%). Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgAN) was the commonest lesion in primary glomerulonephritis in 85 (23.9%) cases. Secondary Glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in 134 cases (24.6%), 56 (41.8%) of them were reported as lupus nephritis cases. In young adults (below 18 years of age) there were 31 cases reviews, 35.5% were found to have minimal change disease (MCD). Conclusion IgAN is the commonest glomerulonephritis in primary nephrotic syndromes in Kuwait over the past six years. Lupus nephritis is the leading secondary glomerulonephritis diagnosis.

Background Dialysis adequacy, as measured by single pool Kt/V, is an important parameter for assessing hemodialysis (HD) patients’ health. Guidelines have recommended Kt/V of 1.2 as the minimum dose for thrice-weekly HD. We describe Kt/V achievement, its predictors and its relationship with mortality in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates). Methods We analyzed data (2012–18) from the prospective cohort Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study for 1544 GCC patients ≥18 years old and on dialysis >180 days. Results Thirty-four percent of GCC HD patients had low Kt/V (<1.2) versus 5%–17% in Canada, Europe, Japan and the USA. Across the GCC countries, low Kt/V prevalence ranged from 10% to 54%. In multivariable logistic regression, low Kt/V was more common (P < 0.05) with larger body weight and height, being male, shorter treatment time (TT), lower blood flow rate (BFR), greater comorbidity burden and using HD versus hemodiafiltration. In adjusted Cox models, low Kt/V was strongly related to higher mortality in women [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–3.34] but not in men (HR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.70–1.92). Low BFR (<350 mL/min) and TT (<4 h) were common; 41% of low Kt/V cases were attributable to low BFR or TT (52% for women and 36% for men). Conclusion Relatively large proportions of GCC HD patients have low Kt/V. Increasing BFR to ≥350 mL/min and TT to ≥4 h thrice weekly will reduce low Kt/V prevalence and may improve survival in GCC HD patients—particularly among women.

The prospective observational Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) was initiated in late 2012 in national samples of hemodialysis (HD) units (n = 41 study sites) in all six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates). For many years, guidelines have recommended single pool Kt/V ≥1.2 as the minimum adequate dose for chronic HD patients. Here, we report initial DOPPS results regarding HD practices related to dialysis dose achievement in the GCC. A total of 928 adult HD patients were included in this analysis from 41 centers representing all six GCC countries. Baseline descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, or percentage) were calculated for the study sample. Results were weighted according to the fraction of HD patients sampled within each participating study site. Mean age varied between 51 years in Bahrain, Oman, and Saudi Arabia, 55 years in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Kuwait, and 62 years in Qatar. Mean body mass index (BMI) was the lowest in Oman patients (23.9 kg/m 2 , but the remaining GCC countries had mean BMIs of 25.7-28.9 kg/m 2 and substantial fractions of overweight patients. Median dialysis vintage ranged from 1.52 years in Kuwait to 3.52 years in Oman. Mean treatment time per session varied from 202 min in Saudi Arabia to 230 min in Qatar while mean blood flow rate (BFR) ranged between 267 mL/min in Oman and 310 mL/min in Saudi Arabia. Interdialytic weight gain varied considerably among GCC countries between 3.1 and 4.0 kg. Central venous catheter use was high among GCC countries, ranging from 29% in Oman to 56% in Kuwait, with other countries averaging 30-40% catheter use. Data were available only for 50-76% of patients in four GCC countries (Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE) for calculating single pool Kt/V to indicate dialysis adequacy. When calculated for patients with vintage >1 year and dialyzing three times per week, mean single pool Kt/V was highest in Qatar and the UAE (1.50-1.51), intermediate in Kuwait (1.35), and lowest in Saudi Arabia (1.29). A higher risk of mortality was observed for patients having a single pool Kt/V <1.2 (vs. ≥1.2) [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.92]. Achievement of Kt/V in the GCC, although lower than in other DOPPS regions such as Europe/ANZ and North America, was similar to that in Japan. Japan and the GCC also share the practice of having a lower blood volume filtered per HD session per kg body weight. These findings suggest that increasing mean BFR and treatment time in the GCC, along with reducing catheter use, would substantially increase overall achievement of Kt/V >1.2 in the GCC, and hence, may improve survival. These mortality findings will need to be confirmed with up-coming GCC-DOPPS 6 analysis.

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Kuwait has a small, relatively young population plagued with diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, making the risk of development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) very high. The total dialysis population of Kuwait in 2015 was 1720. The Ministry of Health (MOH) has divided the country into six health regions. The total number of dialysis population has been increasing slowly from 1600 in 2013 to 1650 in 2014 to 1720 in 2015, with 4% increase from 2014 to 2015. We describe some salient features among the dialysis population in Kuwait.