We have previously shown that the V-ATPase a2-subunit isoform interacts specifically, and in an intra-endosomal acidification-dependent manner, with the Arf-GEF ARNO. In the present study, we examined the molecular mechanism of this interaction using synthetic peptides and purified recombinant proteins in protein-association assays. In these experiments, we revealed the involvement of multiple sites on the N-terminus of the V-ATPase a2-subunit (a2N) in the association with ARNO. While six a2N-derived peptides interact with wild-type ARNO, only two of them (named a2N-01 and a2N-03) bind to its catalytic Sec7-domain. However, of these, only the a2N-01 peptide (MGSLFRSESMCLAQLFL) showed specificity towards the Sec7-domain compared to other domains of the ARNO protein. Surface plasmon resonance kinetic analysis revealed a very strong binding affinity between this a2N-01 peptide and the Sec7-domain of ARNO, with dissociation constant KD=3.44x10(-7) M, similar to the KD=3.13x10(-7) M binding affinity between wild-type a2N and the full-length ARNO protein. In further pull-down experiments, we also revealed the involvement of multiple sites on ARNO itself in the association with a2N. However, while its catalytic Sec7-domain has the strongest interaction, the PH-, and PB-domains show much weaker binding to a2N. Interestingly, an interaction of the a2N to a peptide corresponding to ARNO's PB-domain was abolished by phosphorylation of ARNO residue Ser392. The 3D-structures of the non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated peptides were resolved by NMR spectroscopy, and we have identified rearrangements resulting from Ser392 phosphorylation. Homology modeling suggests that these alterations may modulate the access of the a2N to its interaction pocket on ARNO that is formed by the Sec7 and PB-domains. Overall, our data indicate that the interaction between the a2-subunit of V-ATPase and ARNO is a complex process involving various binding sites on both proteins. Importantly, the binding affinity between the a2-subunit and ARNO is in the same range as those previously reported for the intramolecular association of subunits within V-ATPase complex itself, indicating an important cell biological role for the interaction between the V-ATPase and small GTPase regulatory proteins.

Hemolysin II (HlyII), one of several cytolytic proteins encoded by the opportunistic human pathogen Bacillus cereus, is a member of the family of oligomeric beta-barrel pore-forming toxins. This work has studied the pore-forming properties of HlyII using a number of biochemical and biophysical approaches. According to electron microscopy, HlyII protein interacts with liposomes to form ordered heptamer-like macromolecular assemblies with an inner pore diameter of 1.5-2 nm and an outer diameter of 6-8 nm. This is consistent with inner pore diameter obtained from osmotic protection assay. According to the 3D model obtained, seven HlyII monomers might form a pore, the outer size of which has been estimated to be slightly larger than by the other method, with an inner diameter changing from 1 to 4 nm along the channel length. The hemolysis rate has been found to be temperature-dependent, with an explicit lag at lower temperatures. Temperature jump experiments have indicated the pore structures formed at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C to be different. The channels formed by HlyII are anion-selective in lipid bilayers and show a rising conductance as the salt concentration increases. The results presented show for the first time that at high salt concentration HlyII pores demonstrate voltage-induced gating observed at low negative potentials. Taken together we have found that the membrane-binding properties of hemolysin II as well as the properties of its pores strongly depend on environmental conditions. The study of the properties together with structural modeling allows a better understanding of channel functioning.

Eimeria tenella is a coccidian parasite of great economical importance for poultry industry. The surface of Eimeria invasive agents, sporozoites and merozoites, is coated with a family of developmentally regulated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked surface antigens (SAGs), some of them involved in the initiation of the infection process. Using 2D gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry, an antigenic surface protein EtSAG1 (TA4) of E. tenella sporozoites has been identified as a target of neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2H10E3. To clarify the mechanism of invasion inhibition caused by the EtSAG1-specific antibodies, a structural model of EtSAG1 was generated. It appears that "EtSAG fold" does not bear an evolutionary relationship to any known protein structure. The intra- and interchain disulfide bonds could be assigned to certain pairs of six conserved cysteines found in members of the EtSAG protein family. The outward-facing surface of the antigen was found to comprise an expanded positively charged patch, thus suggesting that the parasite invasion process may be initiated by sporozoite attachment to negatively charged sulfated proteoglycans on the surface of the host cell.

Ecto-phosphorylation is emerging as an important mechanism to regulate cellular ligand interactions and signal transduction. Here we show that extracellular phosphorylation of the cell surface receptor collagen XVII regulates shedding of its ectodomain. Collagen XVII, a member of the novel family of collagenous transmembrane proteins and component of the hemidesmosomes, mediates adhesion of the epidermis to the dermis in the skin. The ectodomain is constitutively shed from the cell surface by metalloproteinases of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family, mainly by tumor necrosis factor-␣ converting enzyme (TACE). We used biochemical, mutagenesis, and structural modeling approaches to delineate mechanisms controlling ectodomain cleavage. A standard assay for extracellular phosphorylation, incubation of intact keratinocytes with cell-impermeable [␥-32 P]ATP, led to collagen XVII labeling. This was significantly diminished by both broad-spectrum extracellular kinase inhibitor K252b and a specific casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor. Collagen XVII peptides containing a putative CK2 recognition site were phosphorylated by CK2 in vitro, disclosing Ser 542 and Ser 544 in the ectodomain as phosphate group acceptors. Phosphorylation of Ser 544 in vivo and in vitro was confirmed by immunoblotting of epidermis and HaCaT keratinocyte extracts with phosphoepitopespecific antibodies. Functionally, inhibition of CK2 kinase activity or mutation of the phosphorylation acceptor Ser 544 to Ala significantly increased ectodomain shedding, whereas overexpression of CK2␣ inhibited cleavage of collagen XVII. Structural modeling suggested that the phosphorylation of serine residues prevents binding of TACE to its substrate. Thus, extracellular phosphorylation of collagen XVII by ecto-CK2 inhibits its shedding by TACE and represents novel mechanism to regulate adhesion and motility of epithelial cells.Cells need a versatile, fast mechanism to respond to changes in their microenvironment during development, growth, and regeneration. Regulated proteolysis on the cell surface offers a post-translational mechanism to remove or structurally modify surface associated proteins at any time (1). For a multitude of type I and type II transmembrane proteins, such as receptors, cell adhesion molecules, and growth factors, soluble forms have been identified that have functions distinct from their membrane-bound counterparts. These are often generated through ectodomain shedding, a general mechanism that influences interactions of different cell types with the environment in a broad spectrum of biological and pathological processes (1, 2). However, regulation of the ectodomain shedding remains poorly understood, namely, targeting of the sheddase to particular substrate depending on biological context.One prime example in this context is collagen XVII, a prototype of the novel family of collagenous transmembrane proteins (3). It is a structural component of hemidesmosomes that mediate adhesion of the epidermal keratinocytes to the underlying...

Background:The functional role of the V-ATPase as a pH-sensing receptor remains unknown. Results: N-terminal peptides from the a-subunit isoforms of the V-ATPase modulate the enzymatic GEF activity of cytohesin-2. Conclusion: V-ATPase is a novel cytohesin-signaling receptor. Significance: These data reveal an evolutionarily conserved signaling process between V-ATPase, cytohesin-2, and Arfs, which is crucial for understanding the cell biological functions of these proteins.