In the article the authors examine intersystem relations and problems of deliberate evasion of the repayment of debts of a large size, or from the payment for securities, after the entry into legal force of an appropriate court judgment. The author pay attention to the construction of the crime, actus reusand its characteristics and to the main categories: accounts payable, organization, organization's manager and malignance. The analysis of judicial practice and the theory is carried out too. The phrase ‘accounts payable’ has some blurry boundaries, and as a result, it causes considerable difficulties in the qualification of the act. It is concluded that that the criminological characteristics of accounts payable are much narrower in comparison with the generally accepted in the civil doctrine interpretation of an obligation. A similar situation is with the treatment of the notion ‘organization's manager’. The specific of the legal status of the manager is in the civil and employment law relationships, that indicates its complex nature. In this regard, at least two elements of the corpus delictiprovided by Article 177 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation relating to the object and to the subject of the crime contain private-law characteristics. These characteristics have legal content and meanings which remain controversial, for theoretical and practical reasons. The civilized category ‘conscientiousness’ is the cornerstone of the concept ‘malignance’ in the civil law. The category ‘conscientiousness’ or ‘good conscience’ (‘bona fides’) is, in turn, of an evaluative nature and has the highest form of abstraction. In the opinion of the authors, the ‘ratio legis’ of the criminal structure of Article 177 of the Criminal Code, hidden behind evaluative categories, should be reflected in the real possibility to enforce the judicial act. The disposition of the norm implies that the implementation of final rulings should be taken into account. Therefore, malignance in the behavior of the debtor cannot be judged without taking into account the entire procedure to be followed in enforcement proceedings.
The strengthening of global integration processes necessitates the development of cross-border regions and the intensification of cross-border cooperation in the field of environmental management, which determines the relevance of this study. This issue is particularly relevant for the Arctic region, where the start of large-scale development of natural resources, development of territories and the creation of new transport routes require the development of environmental management principles that would ensure economic development, preservation of the lifestyle of indigenous people and the preservation of biodiversity. The article examines aspects of the legal characterization and regulation of natural resources’ treatment that are jointly owned or geographically located in two or more states. It is shown that political, social, sociological and economic prerequisites impose on the principles of such cooperation. Until now, the problem of joint management and use of natural resources and products of their processing remains unresolved. It is proposed to create interstate commissions, as well as concessions, as the basis for the development of natural resources’ joint use. The leading direction in the development of the situation is interstate cooperation on the biosphere’s conservation.
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