The article introduces the concept of illocutionary pragmatic adaptation (IPA) as a local translation adaptation aimed at replacing, de-intensifying or strengthening the modality in Ukrainian translations of the English-language soft law texts. The idea of IPA is based on the premises of illocutionary forces–modality correlation, their graded nature added by the concept of pragmatic translation adaptation, its types, criteria, and strategies. Basic IPA means include shall-associated transformations aimed at adaptation to a softer law and should-associated IPA to a harder law. The omission of shall in the Ukrainian translations results in transforming explicit directives into two-intentional assertives, effecting the replacement of obligative modality by an epistemic belief that the rule should be followed instead of the requirement for the rule observation. Replacing the modal verb of the recommendation should with the verb of obligation “повинні» (must) leads to the transformation of modality of recommendation into an obligative one based on strengthening the directive illocutionary force. The paper has identified three factors of IPA: (1) genre-related, which determines the target text adaptation either to the softer or harder genres of the source text; (2) a discursive space of soft law core values effecting IPA with a decrease in directive illocutionary force and obligative modality; (3) the factor of the local context.

The paper focuses on the problem of age-related conversations which are analyzed from the point of viewof their speech acts characteristics. Such types of speech acts as expressives, direct and indirect representatives,directives and commissives have been specified from the viewpoint of their illocutionary subtypes on the criteriaof "hedged-unhedged", "direct-indirect", "idiomatic-inferential", "actual-pseudo". The paper reveals and describesthe most and less frequently used types of speech acts.RésuméThe paper focuses on the problem of age-related conversations specified from the viewpoint of theirillocutionary properties. The research aims at the identification of speech acts regularly used to describeand characterize age; such acts specification according to multifaceted criteria: "hedged / unhedged","direct / indirect", "idiomatic / inferential", as well as introducing the category of pseudo-speech act.Based on in-depth analysis of age-related dialogues collected from English-based literary discourseand applying the integrative method of research, which involves speech acts explanatory tools, form /function pragmatics and face and politeness approach, the paper has three major findings.Age meanings and age-related situations in the dialogues of the characters are most regularlyspecified by speech acts of direct representatives (both simple and complex) with assertive illocutionof statements about the age and age-associated behavioural stereotypes. Direct and indirect expressivesrepresent the second type of age-associated speech acts in the characters' conversations. Expressiveillocutionary force conveys emotional and evaluative attitudes of speakers regarding their own and other'sage, the processes of aging and adulthood, as well as the difference in age. Less frequent are directiveswith the illocutionary force of advice, suggestion or prohibition related the age-associated behaviourof the addressee. The least frequent group includes indirect commissives and pseudo-commissives.The identified direct directives differ in their formal-structural markers of illocutionary force,correlating with unhedged face threatening acts, appropriate in close relationships, and with hedgednegative politeness strategies to lessen the damaged effect of age-related matters. Indirect directivesare differentiated into idiomatic and inferentional subtypes, which correlate with degree of theirimplicitness and context-boundness. The paper coins and justifies the term "pseudo-commissives",designating the acts with illocution of promise that the speaker is not able to fulfill.

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Abstract. The article focuses on analyzes of the translation of international legal discourse applying the transformational model of translation analysis and the model involving tertium comparacionis - the language-mediator as a standard for comparing the original and target texts. The aim of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the application of the transformation model and the model of the reference set of features for translation analysis of international legal discourse. The article used a complex research methodology involving methods of translation analysis, componential analysis, structural transformational analysis, as well as the elements of comparative method and text-interpretive analysis. The study reached the following conclusions. First, the transformation of nuclear structures of the English original text into surface text structures of the Ukrainian translation, carried out in accordance with the three-stage model of transformational analysis, shows the need to reproduce in Ukrainian translation conditional relations implied in the form of explanatory or attributive meanings. It is found that none of the obtained transformational structures completely coincides with the official translation into Ukrainian. In addition, the Ukrainian translation omits the modal verb of obligation shall, which is present in the English original text, so that the fragment of the translation loses the connotations of imperative modality, which does not correspond to the style of the translated text. The application of the translation analysis model related to the identification of the reference set of features for the original and target texts showed the presence of both common and different features from the reference set. The difference in the text of the translation is revealed by such allomorphic features as (a) "object of action in the singular", in contrast to the original fragment with the object of action in the plural, (b) change from modality of possibility to epistemic modality with verb in the present tense, as well as (c) implicated condition relations in the target Ukrainian text, in contrast to the explicit expression of the condition of the text of the original.

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