Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is present in multiple blood cells, and the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. The role of retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) in hematopoiesis is very important, as the fusion of RARα gene with PML gene initiates acute promyelocytic leukemia where differentiation of the myeloid lineage is blocked, followed by an uncontrolled proliferation of leukemic blasts. RARα takes part in regulation of VDR transcription, and unliganded RARα acts as a transcriptional repressor to VDR gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. This is why we decided to examine the effects of the combination of 1,25D and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on VDR gene expression in normal human and murine blood cells at various steps of their development. We tested the expression of VDR and regulation of this gene in response to 1,25D or ATRA, as well as transcriptional activities of nuclear receptors VDR and RARs in human and murine blood cells. We discovered that regulation of VDR expression in humans is different from in mice. In human blood cells at early stages of their differentiation ATRA, but not 1,25D, upregulates the expression of VDR. In contrast, in murine blood cells 1,25D, but not ATRA, upregulates the expression of VDR. VDR and RAR receptors are present and transcriptionally active in blood cells of both species, especially at early steps of blood development.
Sekwencjonowanie nanoporowe należy do technik tzw. trzeciej generacji. Polega ono na elektroforetycznym transporcie kwasów nukleinowych przez kanały białkowe o nanometrowych rozmiarach (nanopory) i identyfikacji ich sekwencji na podstawie zmian mierzonego sygnału elektrycznego. Technika nanoporowa pozwoliła na znaczące wydłużenie odczytów sekwencyjnych oraz bezpośrednie sekwencjonowanie natywnych cząsteczek DNA i RNA. W efekcie, w ciągu zaledwie kilku lat od czasu wprowadzenia pierwszego sekwenatora nanoporowego, stała się ona jedną z wiodących technik sekwencjonowania. Zakres zastosowań techniki nanoporowej jest bardzo szeroki i obejmuje w szczególności asemblację genomów, badanie zmienności strukturalnej, identyfikację modyfikacji kwasów nukleinowych oraz badanie alternatywnego składania transkryptów. Dzięki swojej dostępności i prostocie, sekwencjonowanie nanoporowe jest również coraz powszechniej stosowane w badaniach epidemiologicznych i rolnictwie, do szybkiej identyfikacji i monitorowania rozprzestrzeniania się chorobotwórczych bakterii oraz wirusów.
Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) are groups of genes involved in a common biosynthetic pathway. They are frequently formed in dynamic chromosomal regions, which may lead to intraspecies variation and cause phenotypic diversity. We examined copy number variations (CNVs) in four Arabidopsis thaliana MGCs in over one thousand accessions with experimental and bioinformatic approaches. Tirucalladienol and marneral gene clusters showed little variation, and the latter was fixed in the population. Thalianol and especially arabidiol/baruol gene clusters displayed substantial diversity. The compact version of the thalianol gene cluster was predominant and more conserved than the noncontiguous version. In the arabidiol/baruol cluster, we found a large genomic insertion containing divergent duplicates of the CYP705A2 and BARS1 genes. The BARS1 paralog, which we named BARS2, encoded a novel oxidosqualene synthase. The expression of the entire arabidiol/baruol gene cluster was altered in the accessions with the duplication. Moreover, they presented different root growth dynamics and were associated with warmer climates compared to the reference-like accessions. In the entire genome, paired genes encoding terpene synthases and cytochrome P450 oxidases were more variable than their nonpaired counterparts. Our study highlights the role of dynamically evolving MGCs in plant adaptation and phenotypic diversity.
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