Reverse microemulsion method was implemented to synthesize a CuO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst (18 wt % Cu) with a specific surface area (SSA) of 328 m2/g (after calcination at 400 °C). Catalytic performance was evaluated in the range of temperatures and space velocities (300–600 °C and 10,000–200,000 mL/(g h)). The catalyst was 100% selective to CO generation while attaining a nearly equilibrium CO2 conversion at 500 °C (ca. 50% at 10,000 mL/(g h) and H2/CO2 = 4). Despite the initial reduction of surface area under the reaction conditions, the reduced Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst demonstrated a stable performance for 80 h on stream, attaining a nearly equilibrium CO2 conversion at 600 °C (ca. 60% at 60,000 mL/(g h) and H2/CO2 = 4). The selectivity to CO generation remained complete during the stability test, and no significant carbon deposition was detected.

For the time being, moisture effect to the useful quality of coals has been researched comprehensively in detail. Herewith, there are a lot of unsolved problems related to the safety working out of coal layers. Presence of different forms of moisture in fossil coals essentially influences the coal layers hazardous characteristics manifestation during the mining activities. The Article deals with the results of analyses of more than thousand samples of the Donets Basin coals from different deposits, to research the relationship of total moisture and organic matter components in the coal carbonizations during the metamorphic processes. The researches have allowed separation of 3 stages for the fossil coal conversions. It is noted that at the initial stage, the carbon content is about 80%, moisture proportion in carbonization is rather high—0.36; but it decreases abruptly down to 0.12, in case of the carbon content increasing up to 86.5%. And the proportion of components (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur) total increases essentially up to 0.88. At the next stage, at 86.5÷91.5%, the components proportion in carbonization changes insignificantly. At the final stage of coal metamorphic conversions, 4-time growth of moisture proportion takes place in carbonization. It is found that moisture proportion in any form to be found in the coals shall be considered as a rank index, which is necessary to determine the coal layers hazardous characteristics.

В работе представлена первичная характеристика уровня фонового накопления некоторых приоритетных экотоксикантов (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu и нефтепродукты) в почвенном покрове территорий, непосредственно прилегающих к промышленным зонам машиностроительных предприятий Нижегородской области и в почвенно-техногенной смеси с одного из полигонов ТКО, отнесенных к объектам накопленного экологического вреда по г. Нижнему Новгороду. Пробы почв отбирались в осенний период 2020 г. и анализировались по ряду показателей стандартизированными лабораторными методами, принятыми в экологической практике по оценке состояния почвенного покрова. Было установлено, что фоновая аккумуляция приоритетных для региона экотоксикантов имеется, при этом не составляет существенных величин относительно уровня их допустимых концентраций. Для почвогрунтов полигона отходов максимальное накопление характерно для цинка (21-42 % от ПДК), кадмия (38-54 % от ОДК) и меди (1-102 % от ПДК). Наиболее характерной особенностью здесь установлена существенная вариабельность показателей по территории полигона (значения V достигали 147 % по Zn, 121 % по Cd и 197 % по Cu). Для естественного почвенного покрова некоторых промзон по Нижегородской области наибольшее аккумулирование загрязняющих веществ в целом очень низкое и варьирует в диапазонах 5,4-6,3

The article analyzes the dependence of endogenous fire hazards on the following factors: the degree of coalification, the total sulfur content, the thickness of the developed formations and their structure, the presence of tectonic disturbances. By the genetic propensity of coals to spontaneous combustion, three groups of coal sites are distinguished: І – Vdaf ≥ 41%, Сп ≤ 7, coals of marks D and partially G; ІІ – Vdaf = 40-30%, Сп ≤ 8, coals of marks D and partially F; ІІІ – Vdaf < 36%, Сп >8, coals of marks Zh, K, OS, T. Studies have shown that individual dependences of the decrease in the content of each component (Оo, Нo, No) significantly differ from each other. Decrease in oxygen content, as well as the sum of the main components, occurs with an increase in carbon content. The sum of the content of the main components decreases inversely to the increase in carbon content over the entire range of coal conversion from a small degree of their metamorphism (Со ≈ 70%) to anthracites (Со ≈ 98%). The dependence of decrease in oxygen content with increased carbon is nonlinear. With carbon content of more than 88%, there is a slight decrease in the rate of oxygen reduction in comparison to its decrease at earlier stages of metamorphism. Data analysis showed an almost functional dependence between the sum of the main components of the organic mass (0.995). A significant correlation of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen is observed. A significant scatter of points in experimental data is due to the diversity of composition of the source material, the conditions of its accumulation and transformation for different coal basins and individual coal sites. Studies have shown that the relationships between all the main components of the organic mass of coal during metamorphic transformations change significantly at different stages of these processes. The established dependence of the carbonization index on the carbon content at different stages of coalification allowed us to develop an engineering method for calculating the carbonization index for the entire range of coal metamorphism. The proposed method significantly clarifies the determination of the carbonization index, which is necessary not only for establishing the fire hazard of mine layers, but also for establishing other manifestations of the dangerous properties of coal sites during mining operations. Keywords: carbonization index, endogenous fire hazard, elemental composition, organic mass, metamorphism, coalification.