The prevalence of urolithiasis in the adult population worldwide ranges from 2% to 20% depending on economic, geographical, ethnic, metabolic and genetic aspects. Modern technologies, improvement of medical equipment, and development of surgical methods expand the choice of methods for the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi. However, an increase in treatment options for this pathology may be accompanied by a rise in the number of complications. The article presents an overview of the existing surgical methods for the urolithiasis treatment and complications risk factors. The “gold standard” for removing kidney stones larger than 2 cm in diameter is percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL). Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is recommended for stones less than 2 cm. The methods of choice for surgical treatment of urolithiasis are extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and laparoscopic pyelolithotomy. The choice of the method of surgical intervention depends on concomitant diseases, risk factors, as well as the size and location of the calculus.

Diseases of the urological profile are one of the most important medical and social issues of the modern world. According to various sources, from 50 % to 75 % of men over 50 years old have benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and by the age of 80, BPH is detected in 90 % of the male population. BPH manifests itself with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in most patients. Prostate cancer ranks 2nd or 3rd in the structure of malignant neoplasms in men, and the prevalence of this pathology continues to grow. This trend is associated with an increase in average life expectancy, improved diagnosis of pathologies and early detection of the disease. Risk factors affecting the development of both prostate cancer and BPH include the patient’s age, race, family history, eating habits, the presence or absence of bad habits, and a sedentary lifestyle. Surgical methods for treating prostate cancer include open retropubic prostatectomy and laparoscopic adenomectomy. The «gold standard» of surgical treatment of BPH is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), but the emergence of new endovideosurgical methods (bipolar TURP, transurethral enucleation of the prostate (TUEP) allows to expand the scope of their use and reduce possible complications in the early and late postoperative period.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) ranks 4th among all diagnoses in the group of men 50 years of age and older. With an increase in prostate volume of more than 20 cm³, patients develop lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which negatively affect the quality of life of men. Currently, minimally invasive endovideosurgical methods of treating BPH have proven themselves successfully: transurethral resection (TUR) of monopolar or bipolar type, transurethral bipolar enucleation of the prostate (TUEP), holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). However, despite the clinical efficiency of endoscopic operations, the incidence of postoperative complications remains quite significant. After surgical intervention, the main causes of urinary disorders are detrusor overactivity or a decrease in its functional activity, as well as bladder obstruction. Prolonged bladder catheterization in the postoperative period prevents early recovery of independent urination, which is a risk factor for the development of urinary disorders. Stress urinary incontinence has a significant impact on patients, both physically and mentally. For the treatment of postoperative stress urinary incontinence, behavioral therapy, drug treatment of disorders, minimally invasive methods of treatment are used: injections of hyaluronic acid into the submucous layer of the urethra, botulinum toxin into the detrusor, as well as the technique of sacral neuromodulation. Surgical methods include the implantation of a synthetic sphincter or the installation of male sling.