Radiotherapy x-ray and electron beam surface doses are accurately measurable by use of a MOS-FET detector system. The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is approximately 200-microns in diameter and consists of a 0.5-microns Al electrode on top of a 1-microns SiO2 and 300-microns Si substrate. Results for % surface dose were within +/- 2% compared to the Attix chamber and within +/- 3% of TLD extrapolation results for normally incident beams. Detectors were compared using different energies, field size, and beam modifying devices such as block trays and wedges. Percentage surface dose for 10 x 10-cm and 40 x 40-cm field size for 6-MV x rays at 100-cm SSD using the MOSFET were 16% and 42% of maximum, respectively. Factors such as its small size, immediate retrieval of results, high accuracy attainable from low applied doses, and as the MOSFET records its dose history make it a suitable in vivo dosimeter where surface and skin doses need to be determined. This can be achieved within part of the first fraction of dose (i.e., only 10 cGy is required.)

We present a novel method for analysis of superconducting thin films using dynamic magneto-optical imaging, revealing hallmarks of flux penetration with temporal resolution around 1 ms (in the present work) or better. This method involves investigation of transient field and dynamic current distributions, which are calculated by an inversion procedure on the Biot-Savart Law, which we show to be valid under dynamic conditions. We compare and discuss the flux front penetration speed and evolution of current distribution in high quality YBa2Cu3O${}_{7-\delta }$ thin films with that of samples deliberately damaged in such a way as to reduce critical current density without causing macroscopic damage. We present a novel method for analysis of superconducting thin films using dynamic magnetooptical imaging, revealing hallmarks of flux penetration with temporal resolution around 1 ms (in the present work) or better. This method involves investigation of transient field and dynamic current distributions, which are calculated by an inversion procedure on the Biot-Savart Law, which we show to be valid under dynamic conditions. We compare and discuss the flux front penetration speed and evolution of current distribution in high quality YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films with that of samples deliberately damaged in such a way as to reduce critical current density without causing macroscopic damage.

. (2016). Vibration effect on magnetization and critical current density of superconductors. Superconductor Science and Technology, 29 075002-1-075002-12. Vibration effect on magnetization and critical current density of superconductors AbstractIn this work the effect of vibrations on critical current density ( Jc) of superconductors has been studied. The vibrations are shown to affect Jc of all types of superconductors during their measurements, employing a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Increasing vibration frequency ( f ) and/or amplitude (A) leads to progressive reduction of Jc as a function of magnetic field (Ba). The effect of vibrations is substantially stronger in thin films. It leads to development of unexpected kinks on Jc (Ba) curves. Analysis of magnetization loops and relaxation of magnetization in YBCO films revealed that the vibration effect can be treated as the effective reduction of pinning potential. The asymmetry of the vibration effect in ascending and descending Ba is observed, indicating differences in free energy of the corresponding vortex structures. Thermal effects induced by vibrations with large f and A are shown to have rather insignificant influence, while the vibrational vortex dynamics exhibit a strong impact. The irreversibility field (Birr) is shown to be instrumentally defined, and its value depends on VSM settings. In addition, the practical importance of Birr for Jc modeling is demonstrated. Abstract.In this work the effect of vibrations on critical current density (Jc) of superconductors has been studied. The vibrations are shown to affect Jc of all types of superconductors during their measurements, employing Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Increasing vibration frequency (f ) and/or amplitude (A) lead to progressive reduction of Jc as a function of magnetic field (Ba). The effect of vibrations is substantially stronger in thin films. It leads to development of unexpected kinks on Jc(Ba) curves. Analysis of magnetization loops and relaxation of magnetization in YBCO films revealed that the vibration effect can be treated as the effective reduction of pinning potential. The asymmetry of the vibration effect in ascending and descending Ba is observed, indicating differences in free energy of the corresponding vortex structures. Thermal effects induced by vibrations with large f and A is shown to have rather insignificant influence, while the vibrational vortex dynamics exhibits a strong impact. The irreversibility field (B irr ) is shown to be instrumentally defined, and its value depends on VSM settings. In addition, the practical importance of B irr for Jc modeling is demonstrated.Vibration effect on magnetization and critical current density of superconductors 2

The dynamics of transient current distributions in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films were investigated during and immediately following an external field ramp, using high-speed (real-time) Magneto-Optical Imaging and calculation of dynamic current profiles. A number of qualitatively unique and previously unobserved features are seen in this novel analysis of the evolution of supercurrent during penetration. As magnetic field ramps up from zero, the dynamic current profile is characterized by strong peaks, the magnitude of which exceed the conventional critical current density (as determined from static current profiles). These peaks develop close to the sample edges, initially resembling screening currents but quickly growing in intensity as the external field increases. A discontinuity in field and current behaviour is newly observed, indicating a novel transition from increasing peak current toward relaxation behaviour. After this transition, the current peaks move toward the centre of the sample while reducing in intensity as magnetic vortices penetrate inward. This motion slows exponentially with time, with the current distribution in the long-time limit reducing to the expected Kim-model profile.

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