This paper summarizes a series of large-scale outdoor and indoor LNG pool fire experiments conducted at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Two outdoor LNG spills on water with resulting pool fires of 21 m and 56 m in diameter were conductedto improve hazard predictions by obtaining measurements of flame height, smoke production, and burn rate. The experimental data indicates that LNG pool fires on water display different behavior than those on land by producing less smoke. Surface emissive powers of up to 286 kW/m 2 , flames heights of up to 146 m, and burn rates of about 0.147 kg/m 2 s were measured. Discussion is provided on the observed behavior of the two outdoor tests with regards to smoke production, wind effects, and hydrate production. The large-scale indoor experiments used a 3-m diameter gas burner with methane fuel to assess flame height to fire diameter ratios as a function of nondimensional heat release rates for extrapolation to large-scale LNG fires. A flame height correlation was developed from this data.

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The objective of this work is to provide recommendations on predicting thermal hazard distances resulting from large liquefied natural gas (LNG) pool fires on water. The recommendations pertain to an integral model approach and its pertinent parameters such as burn rate, flame height, surface emissive power (SEP), and transmissivity. These recommendations are based upon knowledge gained from conducting experiments of LNG pool fires on water at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico in 2009 in addition to earlier, smaller scale tests. The 83 diameter meter test resulted in a 56 m diameter pool fire which is the largest LNG pool fire test performed on water or land to date. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Several fiery rail accidents in