A xylanolytic bacterium, strain S1-3 T , was isolated from soil collected in Nan province, Thailand. It was characterized taxonomically based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. The strain was a Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, sporeforming, rod-shaped bacterium. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major menaquinone was MK-7. Iso-C 16 : 0 (39.5 %) and anteiso-C 15 : 0 (26.8 %) were predominant cellular fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 53.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain S1-3 T was affiliated to the genus Cohnella, and was closely related to Cohnella ginsengisoli GR21-5 T and Cohnella thermotolerans CCUG 47242 T with 95.7 and 95.3 % sequence similarity, respectively. Strain S1-3 T could be clearly distinguished from related species of the genus Cohnella by its physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as by its phylogenetic position. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella thailandensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1-3 T (5KCTC 22296 T 5TISTR 1890 T 5PCU 306 T ).

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A cellulose-degrading bacterium, strain FCN3-3 T , was isolated from buffalo faeces collected in Nakhonnayok province, Thailand. The strain was characterized based on its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Strain FCN3-3T was a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, rodshaped bacterium. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major menaquinone was MK-7. Anteiso-C 15 : 0 (52.5 %), iso-C 16 : 0 (18.9 %) and C 16 : 0 (9.1 %) were the predominant cellular fatty acids, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol were the major phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 58.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain FCN3-3 T was affiliated to the genus Cohnella and was closely related to Cohnella phaseoli GSPC1 T , Cohnella luojiensis HY-22R T and Cohnella hongkongensis HKU3 T , with 97.2, 96.8 and 96.3 % sequence similarity, respectively. Strain FCN3-3 T could be clearly distinguished from all known species of the genus Cohnella by its physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as its phylogenetic position and level of DNA-DNA relatedness. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella cellulosilytica sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is FCN3-3 T (5KCTC 13645 T 5TISTR 1996 T 5PCU 323 T ).

Forty-five acetic acid bacteria, which were isolated from fruits, flowers and other materials collected in Thailand by an enrichment culture approach, were assigned to the genus Gluconobacter by phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterisations. On the basis of 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS restriction and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, the forty-five isolates were grouped into five groups and identified at the specific level as follows: 1) seventeen isolates were grouped into Group A and identified as G. oxydans; 2) twelve isolates were grouped into Group B and identified as G. cerinus; 3) nine isolates were grouped into Group C and identified as G. frateurii; 4) six isolates were included into Group D and identified as G. thailandicus; 5) one isolate was grouped into Group E, characterised by a restriction pattern comprised of 667 and 48-bp fragments in AvaII digestion, differing from those of strains of Group C or G. frateurii and Group D or G. thailandicus, and unidentified.

A novel strain, designated TP2-8 T , was isolated from fermented fish (pla-ra) in Thailand. It stained Gram-positive and the cells were aerobic, endospore-forming rods. The strain grew at pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7), 15-55 6C (optimum 37 6C) and 1-22 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5-10 %). It contained meso-diaminopimelic in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. MK-7 and cellular fatty acids anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 were major components. Polar lipids diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified lipids were detected. The DNA G+C content was 37.6 mol%. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain TP2-8 T with those of other members of the family Bacillaceae indicated that it was a member of the genus Gracilibacillus (94.9-99.2 % sequence similarity) and was closely related to Gracilibacillus saliphilus YIM 91119 T (99.2 % similarity), G. lacisalsi BH312 T (98.6 %), G. orientalis XH-63 T (97.7 %), 'G. quinghaiensis' YIM C229 (97.7 %) and G. boraciitolerans T-16X T (97.2 %). Strain TP2-8 T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness (¡49 %) to G. saliphilus YIM 91119 T , G. lacisalsi DSM 19029 T , G. orientalis CCM 7326 T , 'G. quinghaiensis' DSM 17858 and G. boraciitolerans JCM 21714 T . On the basis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics and molecular data presented, strain TP2-8 T is proposed to represent a novel species, Gracilibacillus thailandensis sp. nov. (type strain TP2-8 T 5JCM 15569 T 5PCU 304 T 5TISTR 1881 T ).The genus Gracilibacillus was described by Wainø et al. (1999) to accommodate moderately halophilic, endospore-forming bacteria. At the time of writing, the genus comprises seven species with validly published names: Gracilibacillus halotolerans, the type species, from surface mud of the Great Salt Lake (Wainø et al., 1999), G. dipsosauri, from a desert iguana (Lawson et al., 1996), G. orientalis (Carrasco et al., 2006), G. lacisalsi (Jeon et al., 2008) and G. saliphilus (Tang et al., 2009), from saline lakes, G. boraciitolerans, from soil (Ahmed et al., 2007) and G. halophilus, from a saline soil (Chen et al., 2008b). 'Gracilibacillus quinghaiensis' has been described from a salt-lake sediment (Chen et al., 2008a), but this name has not yet been validly published. These bacteria thrive in a maximum of 11-30 % NaCl and at 50 u C. Moderately halophilic bacteria are also found in many kinds of fermented food, including Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius, from jeotgal (Yoon et al., 2001), Lentibacillus juripiscarius and Lentibacillus halophilus, from fish sauce (Namwong et al., 2005; Tanasupawat et al., 2006), Lentibacillus kapialis, from fermented shrimp paste (Pakdeeto et al., 2007), and Piscibacillus salipiscarius, from fermented fish (pla-ra) (Tanasupawat et al., 2007). In the course of a study on bacterial diversity in fermented foods in Thailand, we isolated a novel Gracilibacillus-like strain, designated TP2-8 T , from plara, a traditional fermented fish, containing 7.8-17.9 % NaCl (w/v) (Phithakpol et al., 1995). In this paper, we describe its phenotypic and che...