El estudio arqueológico de las comunidades rurales actualmente habitadas ofrece la posibilidad de abordar una serie de problemas historiográficos hasta ahora poco explorados. Este artículo discute los problemas, los métodos y los resultados que pueden derivarse de la investigación arqueológica de los pueblos actuales y presenta la metodología transdisciplinar que ha sido aplicada en las recientes intervenciones llevadas a cabo en el área de Erretorekoa (Aizarna, Gipuzkoa). Lejos de los marcos interpretativos tradicionales, los resultados obtenidos revelan que una parte del poblamiento rural actual pudo originarse en época antigua, evidenciando la resiliencia del mismo. En este sentido, es necesario desarrollar marcos conceptuales adecuados para el reconocimiento, estudio e interpretación de este tipo de registros, mediante el diseño de metodologías específicas que permitan superar las limitaciones impuestas por la propia continuidad de la ocupación en estos contextos. LABURPENA Landa-komunitate bizien ikerketa arkeologikoak orain arte gutxi landu izan diren zenbait arazo historiografikori heltzeko aukera eskaintzen du. Lan honetan, egungo herrien ikerketari lotutako arazoak, metodoak eta emaitza potentzialak jorratzen dira; eta, testuinguru honetan, berriki Erretorekoa inguruan (Aizarna, Gipuzkoa) gauzatu diren esku-hartzeetan erabili den metodologia transdisziplinarra azaltzen da. Ohiko irizpide teorikoetatik urrun, proiektu honetako emaitzek erakusten dute egungo landa-populamenduaren zati bat behintzat Antzinaroan egituratu ahal izan zela, laborari-gizarte hauen erresilientzia-gaitasuna agerian utziz. Zentzu honetan, beharrezkoa izango da erregistro mota honen ezagutza, ikerketa eta interpretazioa garatzeko oinarri teoriko egokiak sortzea, eta herri hauen okupazio-jarraipenak berak haien ikerketari ezartzen dizkion oztopoak gainditzeko moduko metodologiak garatzea.
Mountain landscapes reflect the interaction between human groups and their environment. This relation relies on social practices aimed at the appropriation and management of mountain resources, like agriculture, forestry, and husbandry. This paper proposes a reconsideration of mountain landscapes in the Atlantic sector of the Basque Country as highly anthropized spaces, defined by a constant intersection of social actors and practices. The combined study of documentary sources, toponymy and a surficial archaeological survey allows for the recognition of different historical processes. These are linked to collective management of mountain resources, arbitration as a mean of conflict resolution, or regulation of diverse and complementary land uses. All this has permitted to partially overcome the apparent illegibility of a highly diversified and fragmented landscape.
An evolutionary approach to the study of the funerary systems in Late Prehistory allows the recognition of diverse contexts of social crises in the north of Iberia. The analysis of the radio-chronological data that we have compiled indicates five phases of use – with the newness of identifying two different cycles during the Late Neolithic – and of subsequent ‘abandonment’ in the megaliths; this is reduced to two phases in the case of the sepulchral caves. We interpret the radio-chronological results through an examination of the material culture present in the graves and dynamics of the megalithic architecture. In addition, we contrast our results with different approaches, carrying out a complementary multidisciplinary approach. In this regard, we found that megalithism served as a vehicle for responding to the different crises and changes faced by increasingly complex and unequal human groups.
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