In areas such as health, environment, and energy consumption, there is a need to do better. A common goal in society is to get people to behave in ways that are sustainable for the environment or support a healthier lifestyle. Nudging is a term known from economics and political theory, for influencing decisions and behavior using suggestions, positive reinforcement, and other non-coercive means. With the extensive use of digital devices, nudging within a digital environment (known as digital nudging) has great potential. We introduce smart nudging, where the guidance of user behavior is presented through digital nudges tailored to be relevant to the current situation of each individual user. The ethics of smart nudging and the transparency of nudging is also discussed. We see a smart nudge as a recommendation to the user, followed by information that both motivates and helps the user choose the suggested behavior. This paper describes such nudgy recommendations, the design of a smart nudge, and an architecture for a smart nudging system. We compare smart nudging to traditional models for recommender systems, and we describe and discuss tools (or approaches) for nudge design. We discuss the challenges of designing personalized smart nudges that evolve and adapt according to the user’s reactions to the previous nudging and possible behavioral change of the user.

Middleware technologies suchus CORBA or Juvu RMI huve proved their suitubility for "stundurd" clientserver applications. However, challenges fiom existing and new types of upplicutions, including support for multimediu, reul-time requirements und mobility seems to indicute the need for defining U new urchitecture for open distributed systems. The new urchitecture should be designed Ji-om the beginning with flexibility und uduptubility in mind. This can be achieved by defining un open engineering middleware plutjorm thut is run time conjguruble und ullows inspection und uduptution of the underlying components. This puper proposes U next generution middlewure urchitecture thut conforms to requirements us indicated ubove. This urchitecture is churucterised by being open, and uduptuble bused on the principle of reflection. The puper ulso reports on some existing reseurch prototypes with U focus towurds their suitubility us next generution middle wure.

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