The extraction of gold, coal, nickel, uranium, copper and other earth-moving activities almost always leads to environmental damage. In metal and coal extraction, exposure of sulfide minerals to the atmosphere leads to generation of acid rock drainage (ARD) and in underground mining to acid mine drainage (AMD) due to contamination of infiltrating groundwater. This study proposes to develop a reactive cover system that inhibits infiltration of oxygen and also releases alkalinity to increase the pH of generated ARD and attenuate metal contaminants at the same time. The reactive cover system is constructed using steel slag, a waste product generated from steel industries. This study shows that this type of cover system has the potential to reduce some of the adverse effects of sulfide mine waste disposal on land. Geochemical and geotechnical characterization tests were carried out. Different proportions of sulfide mine waste and steel slag were studied in leachate extraction tests. The best proportion was 33% of steel slag in dry weight. Other tests were conducted as follows: soil consolidation, saturated permeability and soil water characteristic curve. The cover system was numerically modeled through unsaturated flux analysis using Vadose/w. The solution proposed is an oxygen transport barrier that allows rain water percolation to treat the ARD in the waste rock pile. The results showed that the waste pile slope is an important factor and the cover system must have 5 m thickness to achieve an acceptable effectiveness.
Pyritic coal wastes produced by a coal beneficiation plant in the State of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil are acid generating. In this paper, we report the results from the first phase of a study evaluating the performance of dry covers for minimizing generation of acid mine drainage and its release to the environment. The first phase includes our investigation of locally available materials for dry covers. Numerical modeling led to four configurations being selected for testing: a dry cover using a double capillary barrier with bottom ash, a dry cover with a single layer of clay, a dry cover with mixed waste, and waste with no cover. Modeling also showed that the best position for the lysimeter was at the bottom of the excavation, where it would not interfere with the water flux in the waste. A subsequent paper will describe the construction of the experimental unit and the results of the geotechnical and geochemical studies.
RESUMO -A rocha calcária é abundante no subsolo da região de João Pessoa, capital do Estado da Paraíba, favorecendo o uso como agregado, devido sua extração econômica e baixos custos de transporte. Entretanto, é uma rocha sedimentar, constituída de material solúvel quando exposto à presença de água. Este trabalho propõe caracterizar a rocha calcária daquela região, verificando a sua aplicação como agregado de concreto. Foram executados ensaios de densidade real dos grãos; de massa específica aparente seca; de absorção de água; testes de abrasão, de resistência à compressão simples e análise física, em situação seca e saturada; de microscopia eletrônica; de difração de raios-X; e ensaios de campo. Os resultados indicaram que ela é composta de carbonato de cálcio (CaCO 3 ), com alto índice de absorção de água e baixa resistência à abrasão e à compressão simples, concluindo que o seu uso deve ser restrito a determinados tipos de construções. SYNOPSIS -Limestone is abundant in the subsoil of the region of João Pessoa, capital of the State of Paraíba, favouring its use as aggregate, due to economic extraction and low transport costs. However, being a sedimentary rock, it is soluble when exposed to the presence of water. This paper proposes to characterize the limestone from that region, in order to assess its application as aggregate for concrete. The following tests were performed: grain real density; dry bulk density; water absorption; abrasion, compressive strength and physical analyses, in dry and saturated conditions; electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction; and field trials. The results indicated that it is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), with high water absorption rate and low abrasion and compressive resistance, concluding that its use should be restricted to certain types of constructions.
RESUMO Para adequar-se à realidade da sociedade contemporânea, a organização de todo e qualquer processo produtivo deverá prevê planos de gerenciamento de resíduos, que buscam encontrar alternativas técnicas, econômicas e ambientalmente viáveis para os subprodutos advindos de sua operação. Sob esta premissa as empresas Energia Pecém e Eneva, que gerenciam as Usinas Termelétricas Porto Pecém I e II, firmaram parceria com a Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), visando o desenvolvimento de projeto científico que objetivava dar destinos adequados aos resíduos advindos da queima do carvão mineral nas UTE’s. O resultado foi o desenvolvimento de diversos trabalhos que avaliaram alternativas para o emprego das cinzas. O presente estudo verificou a possibilidade de empregar as cinzas em camadas de barreiras impermeabilizantes de fundo de aterros (liners). Foram realizados diversos ensaios geotécnicos com o intuito de caracterizar o material e verificar se o mesmo possui as propriedades necessárias a utilização proposta, como por exemplo, a condutividade hidráulica, que para este fim deverá ser inferior a 10-7 cm/s. Entretanto, observou-se variabilidade significativa nos valores dos parâmetros estudados, o que levou a necessidade de analisar o uso de um material composto, misturas de solo (areia argilosa) e cinza composta em diferentes proporções, que apresentou resultados mais consistentes, atingindo valores de condutividade hidráulica próximos aos exigidos para uso como liner. Dentre as misturas de solo e cinza analisadas, mistura denominada S70C30 (70% de massa de solo e 30% em massa de cinza), apresentou um coeficiente de permeabilidade saturada de 4,26x10-7 cm/s que juntamente com outras características geotécnicas, mostrou-se adequada para o uso proposto.
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