R E S U M OO trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos diferentes sistemas de cultivo do cafeeiro na biomassa e atividade microbiana do solo. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. A primeira avaliação foi realizada no mês de abril e a segunda no mês de julho de 2015. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três sistemas de cultivo do cafeeiro e duas áreas testemunhas: 1) Cafeeiro em consociação com espécies arbóreas e Urochloa cv. decumbens; 2) Cafeeiro em consociação com Urochloa cv. decumbens; 3) Cafeeiro em monocultura; 4) Área com solo em pousio e 5) Fragmento de vegetação nativa. A biomassa e atividade microbiana foram avaliadas em amostras de solo colhidas à profundidade de 0,0-0,10 m. As variáveis avaliadas foram: carbono da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal, quociente metabólico, quociente microbiano e carbono orgânico do solo. Avaliou-se também o acúmulo de manta morta (t ha -1 ) e a humidade do solo (kg kg -1 ). Os sistemas Fragmento de vegetação nativa, Cafeeiro em consociação com espécies arbóreas e U. cv. decumbens e Cafeeiro consociado com U. cv. decumbens favorecem a biomassa e a atividade microbiana do solo, independente da época de amostragem. Palavras-chave: bioindicadores, Coffea arabica, espécies arbóreas, Urochloa cv. decumbens A B S T R A C TThe work aimed to evaluate the influence of different coffee farming systems in soil microbial biomass and activity. The experimental design consisted in randomized blocks in split plot, with five repetitions. Two seasons were evaluated, the first in April and the second in July 2015. The treatments consisted of three coffee cultivation systems and two control areas: 1) Coffee intercropped with trees species and Urochloa cv. decumbens; 2) Coffee intercropped with Urochloa cv. decumbens; 3) Coffee in monoculture; 4) ground fallow and 5) native vegetation fragment. The soil microbial biomass and activity were assessed in soil samples collected at 0.0-0.10 m depth. The following variables were evaluated: microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient and soil organic carbon. Litter accumulation (t ha -1 ) and soil moisture (kg kg -1 ) were also evaluated. The systems fragment of native vegetation, Coffee in consortium with tree species and U. cv. decumbens and Coffee intercropped with U. cv. decumbens favour soil microbial biomass and activity, regardless the sampling time.
Shading coffee trees has gained importance, especially among smallholders, as an option to improve the products' quality, therefore acquiring place at the specialty coffee market, where consumers are willing to give bonus for quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of shade trees' spatial distribution among coffee trees' agronomic characteristics, yield, and beans and cup quality of shaded coffee trees. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks with six repetitions and four treatments: coffee trees on shade trees planting rows, distant one meter from the trunk; coffee trees on shade trees planting row, distant six meters from the trunk; and coffee plants between the rows of shade trees, parallel to the previous treatments. The parameters analyzed were plant height, canopy diameter, plagiotropic branches' length, yield, coffee fruits' phenological stage, ripe cherries' Brix degree, percentage of black, unripe, and insect damaged beans, bean size, and beverage quality. Shade trees quickened coffee fruits' phenological stage of coffee trees nearest to them. This point also showed the best beverage quality, except for overripe fruits. The remaining parameters evaluated were not affected by shade trees' spatial distribution.
<p>O presente trabalho avalia a sustentabilidade de uma propriedade rural de base familiar, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, com o objetivo de apresentar linhas de trabalho para os aspectos menos sustentáveis e, dessa forma, alcançar maior sustentabilidade do sistema. O estudo foi realizado através de diagnóstico visual, baseando-se nos indicadores de sustentabilidade do método MESMIS “Marco para Evaluación de Sistemas de Manejo de Recursos Naturales Incorporando Indicadores de Sustentabilidad”. Para avaliação foram utilizados 36 indicadores e três parâmetros, abordando aspectos ambientais, sociais e econômicos. O resultado obtido com a avaliação da unidade de produção rural evidencia que a propriedade se encontrada alterada, demonstrando a necessidade de intervenções para se alcançar maior sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica. A propriedade apresenta alguns pontos críticos relacionados à ausência de área de preservação permanente e/ou reserva legal, baixa adoção da prática de rotação de culturas, aplicação de defensivos agrícolas, não aproveitamento dos resíduos orgânicos da cozinha, descarte inadequado do óleo de cozinha residual, assistência técnica ineficiente e /ou ausente e a não utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) nas atividades laborais. O estudo possibilitou traçar planos e metas para que o produtor possa alcançar maior êxito na busca da sustentabilidade de sua propriedade e, dessa forma, inserir-se no mercado agrícola comprometido com um desenvolvimento ambientalmente amigável, socialmente justo e economicamente viável.</p>
Agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization are some of the anthropogenic activities that constantly generate negative impacts on natural environments. Part of this degradation directly affects aquatic systems. This study aimed to evaluate the visual characteristics of the Araras Stream, located in the municipality of Araras, São Paulo state, Brazil. Data was collected at six different assessment sites along the river in both rural and urban areas. The evaluation used a Rapid Habitat Diversity Assessment (RHDA) protocol composed of 22 parameters, which define levels of preservation of ecological conditions. According to this protocol, the 32 Km-long study transect along the Araras Stream was rated as impacted (39.6 points). A separate assessment by transects showed that only Transect 1 presented a natural level of preservation (71.8 points). Transects located in the urban area contributed the most to impacts on the aquatic environment. The RHDA protocol proved to be an important tool to evaluate and monitor aquatic environments.
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