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The HIV/AIDS epidemic likely played a significant role in the 1979-1985 deviation, but not subsequently. Furthermore, EPTB as a proportion of total TB cases has remained high. Further studies to delineate the etiologies of these findings are needed.

Introduction: Real tennis is a growing, unique, and well-established sport. To date, there has been no epidemiological data on real tennis injuries. The primary aim of this retrospective study is to record the incidence and document any trends in real tennis musculoskeletal injuries, so as to improve injury awareness of common and possibly preventable injuries. Methods: A surveillance questionnaire e-mailed to 2,036 Tennis & Rackets Association members to retrospectively capture injuries sustained by amateur and professional real tennis players over their playing careers. Results: A total of 485 (438 males and 47 females) questionnaires were fully completed over 4 weeks. A total of 662 musculoskeletal injuries were recorded with a mean of 1.4 injuries per player (range 0–7). The incidence of sustaining an acute real tennis musculoskeletal injury is 0.4/1000 hrs. The three main anatomical locations reported injured were elbow 15.6% (103/662), knee 11.6% (77/662), and face 10.0% (66/662). The most common structures reported injured were muscle 24% (161/661), tendon 23.4% (155/661), ligament 7.0% (46/661), soft tissue bruising 6.5% (43/661), and eye 6.2% (41/661). The majority of the upper limb injuries were gradual onset (64.7%, 143/221), and the lower limb injuries were sudden onset (72.0%, 188/261). Conclusion: This study uniquely provides valuable preliminary data on the incidence and patterns of musculoskeletal injuries in real tennis players. In addition, it highlights a number of reported eye injuries. The study is also a benchmark for future prospective studies on academy and professional real tennis players.

23As model organism-based research shifts from forward to reverse genetics 24 approaches, largely due to the ease of genome editing technology, a low frequency of 25 abnormal phenotypes is being observed in lines with mutations predicted to lead to 26 deleterious effects on the encoded protein. In zebrafish, this low frequency is in part 27 explained by compensation by genes of redundant or similar function, often resulting 28 from the additional round of teleost-specific whole genome duplication within 29vertebrates. Here we offer additional explanations for the low frequency of mutant 30 phenotypes. We analyzed mRNA processing in seven zebrafish lines with mutations 31 expected to disrupt gene function, generated by CRISPR/Cas9 or ENU mutagenesis 32 methods. Five of the seven lines showed evidence of genomic compensation by means 33 of altered mRNA processing: one through a skipped exon that did not lead to a frame 34 shift, one through nonsense-associated splicing that did not lead to a frame shift, and 35 three through the use of cryptic splice sites. These results highlight the need for a 36 methodical analysis of the mRNA produced in mutant lines before making conclusions 37 or embarking on studies that assume loss of function as a result of a given genomic 38 change. Furthermore, recognition of the types of genomic adaptations that can occur 39 may inform the strategies of mutant generation. 40 41 Author summary 42. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under aThe copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/154856 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jun. 23, 2017; 3 The recent rise of reverse genetic, gene targeting methods has allowed 43 researchers to readily generate mutations in any gene of interest with relative ease. 44Should these mutations have the predicted effect on the mRNA and encoded protein, 45 we would expect many more abnormal phenotypes than are typically being seen in 46 reverse genetic screens. Here we set out to explore some of the reasons for this 47 discrepancy by studying seven separate mutations in zebrafish. We present evidence 48 that thorough cDNA sequence analysis is a key step in assessing the likelihood that a 49 given mutation will produce hypomorphic or null alleles. This study reveals that 50 alternative mRNA processing in the mutant background often produces transcripts that 51 escape nonsense-mediated decay, thereby potentially preserving gene function. By 52 understanding the ways that cells avoid the deleterious consequences of mutations, 53 researchers can better design reverse genetic strategies to increase the likelihood of 54 gene disruption. 55 56