This study aims to briefly review the thoughts of Jurgen Habermas, a German philosopher at the Frankfurt School with his critical philosophy, especially regarding social thought, by comparing it with the concept of spiritual leadership in Islam as reflected by the leadership characteristics of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Data processing uses descriptive analysis with a deconstruction paradigm, looking more sharply to provide new and critical meanings to the interpretation of Habermas's thoughts. The text is understood and rearranged from a different point of view. After finding the philosophical foundation and structure of Habermas' thought, the researcher compares his thoughts to the concept correlation of the Leadership of the Prophet Muhammad SAW so as to find Habermas' intentions related to Communicative Action and the rational development of society. The results of this study prove that Habermas's idea has a similar concept to Islamic spiritual leadership in a brief conceptualization that reflects the character and values that adhere to humanity, equality of emancipatory values and prioritizing communication in deliberation and solidarity that can lead to great ideals Naturalism is welfare in Habermasian Communicative Action. The spiritual implications of Islamic leadership are addressed using a democratic method and prioritizing the social side so that it has a purpose for the development of society.

This study aims to briefly review the thoughts of Jurgen Habermas, the German philosopher at the Frankfurt School of Religion with his critical philosophy, especially those concerning social thoughts by comparing them to management science so that management science in theory and practice can be critical. Data processing uses descriptive analysis with a deconstruction paradigm, looking more sharply to give new and critical meanings to the interpretation of Habermas' thought. The text is understood and rearranged from a different perspective of thought, after discovering the foundation and philosophical structure of Habermas' thought, the researcher contributes thoughts in management science so that he can include it in the implementation of the Mondragon company. The results of this study prove that the idea of critical management science supports people's views regarding profitability and the strategy of the Mondragon company in a brief conceptualization reflecting the vision, mission, and values that adhere to humanity, equality of emancipatory values , and solidarity. The managerial implications are addressed by methods that are democratic and prioritize the social side to increase profitability

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This study refers to how the Pela concept within the Maluku. This study relates to how the Pela concept within the Maluku community has a broad influence on the rationalization of the life-world. Modernity, liberalism, and the currents of globalization that fuel technical progress can jeopardize the rationalization of our life-world, which is essential for the integrity and solidarity of society, but neglect of technological progress should not be a proposition. Therefore, researchers, with the help of the dialectic of Habermas and Hardiman’s thoughts with their post-secular thoughts, found a motive to examine how Indonesian multiculturalism has the potential to rationalize the development of society. Using the perspective of Jurgen Habermas and Hardiman based on post-secular theory, the purpose of this study helped researchers study the forms of deliberation from the Pela system. Qualitative research is the research method used. The critical paradigm is the chosen solution. This study combines Pela concepts associated with Habermas and Hardiman’s post-secular thinking and uses Habermas’ critical hermeneutic theory. The results of this study show the decision-making process. In this context, the researchers found the Pela concept as the initial capital of the Maluku people to support technical progress without neglecting the roots of solidarity. This research can be a reference for further researchers in sociology, ethnology, and even human resource management.

The Minangkabau community has a long history of Islamic culture. This historical fact is assisted by the Minangkabau natural Tambo which contains philosophy, goals, ideals, normativity, regulations, and proverbs that presuppose consensus as to the goals of society. The purpose of this study, using the perspective of Jurgen Habermas, which is based on the theory of communicative action, the researcher is helped in studying the forms of deliberation from the democratic system of the Minangkabau natural society. Qualitative research is the research method used. The critical paradigm is the chosen solution. In this study, which is combined with the concepts of shari'a associated with communication theory, Habermas’ critical hermeneutic theory will be used. The results of this study show the discursive decision-making process in the Nagari, which is then questioned with the lareh dualism that gave birth to the Tuah sakato democracy. Then from a long study related to how the deliberation process in the Minang realm has the potential to be epistemic in the post-secular era, the researchers also found that the IKM regional organizations as developers of these potentials were outside the realm and had an impact on the Minang realm itself. The results of this study can trigger further researchers to participate in cultural studies and human resources related to the importance of epistemic attitudes in the post-secular era.