The determination of the Islamic calendar is paramount in Islam because it strongly relates to worship, like Ramadan fasting, eid-al-fitr, and zakat fitr. Many studies have examined young moon visibility criteria in many Muslim countries, such as Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Singapore. However, no study on the initiation of the Islamic month has been conducted in Australia, a Muslim-minority country with middle-eastern immigrants seeking jobs. One of Australia's most trusted organizations to announce the start of Hijri month is Moonsighting Australia. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the determination of the Islamic calendar by Moonsighting Australia organization based on factors such as method, matla, rukyat time, hilāl visibility, and resistors (1 Dzulhijjah 1441 H). A descriptive study with a qualitative approach used literature reviews, content analysis, and case studies. Primary data were taken from a decision letter from Moonsighting Australia about the start of Dzulhijjah 1441 H, interviews with the coordinator, and relevant references. The findings showed that Moonsighting Australia applies a rukyat method by the naked eye - without any optical aids and hilāl visibility criteria consideration - every 29th of Hijri month. Also, it tunes the concept of matla wilayat al hukmi, where the sighting process and result are implemented throughout Australia’s territory. Keywords:  Australia, Dzulhijjah, Hijri, Islamic Month, Moonsighting.

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Bestiality is a form of sexual perversion. Bestiality perpetrators seek sexual satisfaction by making animals objects of sexual satisfaction, which is considered to deviate from legal norms, religious norms, and moral codes that apply in society. This article aimed to discuss the comparison of Islamic law and positive law regarding the sexual perversion of animals. This study employed qualitative with a comparative descriptive research approach. The results of this study indicated differences of opinion between Islamic law and positive law regarding the sexual perversion of animals. Based on the different views of Islamic law in response to this case, some people were allowed, and some were not allowed. Meanwhile, some people stated that the incident must be subject to sanctions and fines from a positive legal perspective. The implication of this study was to prevent bestiality (sexual activity of animals), it is necessary to have strict and concrete rules to protect the next generation of the nation, as a good legal policy as well as renewal of Islamic law and positive law as well as protection of animals. Providing information is very necessary through maximum socialization to the public about the law of consuming animals that humans have fertilized.

استهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان ومعرفة دور القواعد الفقهية في بناء وتطوير الفقه الإسلامي في ممر العصور. هذا البحث هو بحث مكتبي واعتمد على منهج وصفي وتحليلي للوصول إلى النتائج. وكانت نتيجة البحث تبين أن للقواعد الفقهية والفتوى دورًا هامًّا في بناء الفقه الإسلامي وتطيره وتطوره حيث إن الفتوى قد أصحت منهجًا من مناهج استنباط الحكم الشرعي والقواعد الفقهية تُعتبر أهم أداة التي تساعد العالم والمجتهد والمفتي في عملية استنباط الأحكام الشرعية.

The inclusion of prayer time is one of the valid requirements of prayer as explained in the Qur'an and hadiths of the Prophet (s). The Fajr prayer schedule issued by Wahdah Islamiyah is interesting to review because it is different from the official prayer schedule issued by the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Republic of Indonesia. This difference can have implications for the validity or absence of Fajr prayers and fasting performed by Muslims based on the schedule. This study aimed to analyze the method of determining the Fajr prayer schedule issued by Wahdah Islamiyah. This research is qualitative descriptive research through library study methods and content analysis. The results showed that Wahdah Islamiyah compiled its Fajr prayer schedule with a high-accuracy contemporary accounting method using VSOP87 algorithm. The location of markaz da'wah in Makassar City was chosen as the coordinate point of the calculation of the position of the sun. Wahdah Islamiyah's Fajr prayer schedule uses a sun altitude of 18 degrees below the horizon by adding a two-minute of iḥtiyāṭ. Based on the calculation, the Fajr prayer schedule of Wahdah Islamiyah has been accurately used in the Makassar City area