Latar Belakang: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mendeklarasikan penyebaran dari coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Faktor risiko terhadap mortalitas pasien COVID-19 rawat intensive care unit (ICU) belum banyak diteliti.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan penanda infeksi, penanda oksigenasi dan faktor risiko lainnya terhadap mortalitas pasien COVID-19 dengan pneumonia.Metode: Penelitian retrospektif dilakukan di ICU Infection Centre RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar pada April – Agustus 2020. Sampel penelitian adalah data pasien COVID-19 dengan pneumonia yang dirawat di ICU. Pasien dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok survivor grup (SG) dan non-survivor (NSG). Variabel penelitian berupa penanda infeksi, penanda oksigenasi dan faktor risiko yang didapatkan dari rekam medis pasien. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan terhadap semua variabel penelitian.Hasil: Dari 92 pasien didapatkan 46 NSG dan 46 SG. Perbandingan jenis kelamin dan indeks massa tubuh antara kedua kelompok tidak signifikan bermakna secara statistik. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan signifikan secara statistik pada level c-reactive protein (CRP) antara kelompok NSG dengan median 91,1 (IQR 32,3-200,45) dan SG 88,95 (IQR 33,50-177,80), p= 0,899. Faktor risiko usia tua, diabetes mellitus (DM), dan peningkatan rasio neutrofil-limfosit (RNL) berdasarkan klasifikasi cut-off signifikan secara statistik pada mortalitas antar kedua kelompok.  Pada NSG didapatkan median usia 60,5 (IQR 53-67,25) vs SG 56 (IQR 35-61,25), p= 0.02. Komorbid DM SG 8 dari 46 pasien (17,4%) dan NSG 17 dari 46 pasien (37%), p = 0,035. Pemeriksaan kadar RNL berdasarkan klasifikasi cut-off > 3,4 NSG 42 dari 46 pasien (91,3%) dan NS 11 dari 46 (23,9%), p= 0,048.  Analisis multivariat regresi logistik didapatkan rasio P/F merupakan faktor risiko independen. Mortalitas pasien COVID-19 dengan pneumonia (OR 0,99 95% CI 0,988-1,00, p = 0,043).  Kesimpulan: Umur di atas 60 tahun, DM, RNL, dan indeks oksigenasi bermakna secara signifikan terhadap kejadian mortalitas pasien COVID-19 dengan pneumonia, dimana pada indeks oksigenasi yang rendah didapatkan kejadian mortalitas yang tinggi.

Background: Laryngoscopy intubation can cause complications in the form of increased blood pressure and heart rate. This can be detrimental to patients with cardiovascular complications, increased intracranial pressure, and vascular anomalies. Various procedures are performed to stabilize hemodynamic fluctuations during laryngoscopy intubation, one of which is the administration of beta-blocking agents (Bisoprolol). In some studies, the administration of Bisoprolol can cause side effects such as hypotension and bradycardia. One drug considered to maintain hemodynamic stability in laryngoscopy intubation with minimal effects is the administration of Ivabradine, which works by regulating diastolic depolarization. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Ivabradine 5 mg and Bisoprolol 5 mg in maintaining hemodynamic stability in laryngoscopy intubation. Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted at RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar in July-August 2022 with ethical qualifications from the Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research in Humans from the Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University. The sample was the entire population that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were processed using SPSS 25. The analysis used paired T-test, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon with a 95% confidence level (p<0.005). Result: There was a significant decrease in the mean arterial pressure and decrease in heart rate after induction (T2-T0) in the Bisoprolol group (p<0.05). The mean arterial pressure at T1-T0, T3-T0, T3-T2 did not statistically significant. Conclusion: Ivabradine 5 mg was more effective than Bisoprolol 5 mg in maintaining the stability of mean arterial pressure and heart rate in laryngoscopy intubation.

Latar Belakang: Teknik anestesi yang efektif adalah tujuan utama dari teknik anestesi spinal, yang bertujuan meminimalkan efek samping pada ibu dan bayi baru lahir. Tujuan: Membandingkan ketinggian blok, onset dan durasi, efek samping antara Bupivakain 0,5% Hiperbarik dosis 7,5 Mg + Fentanyl 25 Mcg dan dosis 5 Mg + Fentanyl 25 Mcg pada seksio sesarea.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda (Randomized double blind clinical trial). Sampel terdiri atas 2 kelompok yakni LD (Kelompok yang mendapatkan anestesi spinal bupivakain 0,5% hiperbarik 5 mg + fentanil 25 μg ) dan CD (Kelompok yang mendapatkan anestesi spinal bupivakain 0,5% hiperbarik 7,5 mg + fentanil 25 μg) dengan jumlah sampel masing-masing 20 orang. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Independen Sample T Test dengan tingkat kemaknaan α=0.05. Hasil: Ada perbedaan onset blok motorik (p=0,004), durasi motorik (p=0,000), durasi blok sensoris (p=0,000) antara kelompok LD dan kelompok CD. Sedangkan durasi operasi (p= 0,769), selisih perubahan TD Sistole (p> 0,05), selisih perubahan TD Diatole (p> 0,05), selisih perubahan nadi (p> 0,05), selisih perubahan MAP (p> 0,05), efek samping mual/muntah (p> 0,05) dan rescue (p> 0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan.Simpulan: Onset blok sensorik lebih lama, dan durasi blok sensoris dan motorik lebih singkat pada kelompok LD dibanding CD sehingga ada perbedaan efektifitas bupivakain antara kedua kelompok. Tidak perbedaan yang bermakna untuk efek samping dan perubahan hemodinamik pada kedua kelompok. The Effectiveness of Spinal Anesthesia Using Bupivacaine 0.5% Hyperbaric Dosage 7.5 Mg with 5 Mg in Caesarean Section Surgery Abstract Latar Belakang: Teknik anestesi yang efektif adalah tujuan utama dari teknik anestesi spinal, yang bertujuan meminimalkan efek samping pada ibu dan bayi baru lahir. Tujuan: Membandingkan ketinggian blok, onset dan durasi, efek samping antara Bupivakain 0,5% Hiperbarik dosis 7,5 Mg + Fentanyl 25 Mcg dan dosis 5 Mg + Fentanyl 25 Mcg pada seksio sesarea.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda (Randomized double blind clinical trial). Sampel terdiri atas 2 kelompok yakni LD (Kelompok yang mendapatkan anestesi spinal bupivakain 0,5% hiperbarik 5 mg + fentanil 25 μg ) dan CD (Kelompok yang mendapatkan anestesi spinal bupivakain 0,5% hiperbarik 7,5 mg + fentanil 25 μg) dengan jumlah sampel masing-masing 20 orang. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Independen Sample T Test dengan tingkat kemaknaan α=0.05. Hasil: Ada perbedaan onset blok motorik (p=0,004), durasi motorik (p=0,000), durasi blok sensoris (p=0,000) antara kelompok LD dan kelompok CD. Sedangkan durasi operasi (p= 0,769), selisih perubahan TD Sistole (p> 0,05), selisih perubahan TD Diatole (p> 0,05), selisih perubahan nadi (p> 0,05), selisih perubahan MAP (p> 0,05), efek samping mual/muntah (p> 0,05) dan rescue (p> 0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan.Simpulan: Onset blok sensorik lebih lama, dan durasi blok sensoris dan motorik lebih singkat pada kelompok LD dibanding CD sehingga ada perbedaan efektifitas bupivakain antara kedua kelompok. Tidak perbedaan yang bermakna untuk efek samping dan perubahan hemodinamik pada kedua kelompok.

BACKGROUND: Cesarean section (C-section) is the most frequently performed surgery in obstetrics, generally using subarachnoid block (SAB) or epidural block for anesthesia. The previous studies have shown the effectiveness of fluid loading and vasopressor pretreatment in preventing maternal hypotension (decreased blood pressure), the most common side effect of SAB. However, the timing of hypotension in response to these treatments has not been analyzed. AIM: This study therefore aimed to compare the effects of crystalloid or colloid fluid loading and vasopressor pre-treatment on the timing of hypotension in cases of C-section under SAB anesthesia. METHODS: The study was a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial with three treatment groups: Group I, 10 mL/kgBW crystalloid solution (Ringer’s lactate) loading 10 min before SAB; Group II, 5 mL/kgBW colloid fluid (gelatin) loading 10 min before SAB; and Group III, pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kgBW vasopressor (ephedrine) intravenous bolus just before SAB. RESULTS: Significant differences in mean blood pressure between groups were observed between the second and 8th min (p < 0.05). Hypotension was observed in the crystalloid group within the first 5 min, while average blood pressure was relatively stable all groups after the first 10 min. In addition, hypotension occurred more frequently in the crystalloid group (nine subjects, 45%), compared with the colloid and vasopressor groups (two subjects per group, 10%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypotension occurred more rapidly and more frequently when crystalloid loading was utilized, compared with colloid loading or vasopressor pretreatment. Administration of colloid fluid loading and vasopressor pretreatment has been shown to prevent hypotension in SAB anesthesia.

Granisetron can be used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting in patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as well as during or after surgery. To compare the effects of two doses of intravenous granisetron on nausea and vomiting in Caesarean section with subarachnoid block. This study was a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Subjects were randomized into two groups: Granisetron 10 mcg/kg (GD10) and granisetron 25 mcg/kg (GD25). Dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg was also administered to all subjects. A total of 21 subjects were included for each group. Data was analyzed using Mann Whitney U test. The results When comparing the incidence of nausea and vomiting in the GD10 and GD25 groups, there was a significant difference in the incidence of nausea (p = 0.001). In the GD10 group, there were nine participants who experienced nausea, whereas the GD25 group had none. Neither of the groups experienced vomiting, hence no additional therapy given to both groups. Granisetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and an effective antiemetic during and after neuraxial anesthesia for Caesarean section. The combination of granisetron and dexamethasone has been reported to be more potent than granisetron alone. Administration of granisetron 25 mcg/kg had a positive impact on patients, with no incidence of nausea and vomiting compared to administration of granisetron 10 mcg/kg.