Rationale Quantitatively relating 13C/12C, 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratios of plant α‐cellulose and 2H/1H of n‐alkanes to environmental conditions and metabolic status should ideally be based on the leaf, the plant organ most sensitive to environmental change. The fact that leaf organic matter is composed of isotopically different heterotrophic and autotrophic components means that it is imperative that one be able to disentangle the relative heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions to leaf organic matter. Methods We tackled this issue by two‐dimensional sampling of leaf water and α‐cellulose, and specific n‐alkanes from greenhouse‐grown immature and mature and field‐grown mature banana leaves, taking advantage of their large areas and thick waxy layers. Leaf water, α‐cellulose and n‐alkane isotope ratios were then characterized using elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) or gas chromatography IRMS. A three‐member (heterotrophy, autotrophy and photoheterotrophy) conceptual linear mixing model was then proposed for disentangling the relative contributions of the three trophic modes. Results We discovered distinct spatial leaf water, α‐cellulose and n‐alkane isotope ratio patterns that varied with leaf developmental stages. We inferred from the conceptual model that, averaged over the leaf blade, only 20% of α‐cellulose in banana leaf is autotrophically laid down in both greenhouse‐grown and field‐grown banana leaves, while approximately 60% and 100% of n‐alkanes are produced autotrophically in greenhouse‐grown and field‐grown banana leaves, respectively. There exist distinct lateral (edge to midrib) gradients in autotrophic contributions of α‐cellulose and n‐alkanes. Conclusions Efforts to establish quantitative isotope–environment relationships should take into account the fact that the evaporative leaf water 18O and 2H enrichment signal recorded in autotrophically laid down α‐cellulose is significantly diluted by the heterotrophically formed α‐cellulose. The δ2H value of field‐grown mature banana leaf n‐alkanes is much more sensitive than α‐cellulose as a recorder of the growth environment. Quantitative isotope–environment relationship based on greenhouse‐grown n‐alkane δ2H values may not be reliable.

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Dengue fever is a tropical disease spread worldwide, transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti . It affects 100 million people worldwide every year and half a million cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever are registered. At present, it poses sever health burden as combined infections of COVID-19. Currently, as a combined infection with COVID-19, it is becoming a serious health burden. To identify the active molecule, Maestro V12.7 was used with different tools including LigPrep, Grid Generation, SiteMap, Glide XP Docking, Pharmachophores and MM-GBSA. The UNRESS tool was also used to assess the protein stability with this dengue protein. The docking result showed that all examined phytocomponents except berberine and -(+)- l -alliin had good docking scores of -8.577 (azadirachtin), -8.112 (curcumin), -7.348 (apigenin) and -6.028 (andrographolide). However, berberine and -(+)- l -alliin possessed good hydrogen-bonding interactions with RdRp. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations demonstrate that the complex of azadirachtin and dengue protein has a solid understanding of the precise interactions. As per the research results, the present research suggests that this is the first statement of azadirachtin against NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain (RdRp), despite extensive research on this molecule in previous investigations. Furthermore, we anticipate that molecules such as curcumin, apigenin, and andrographolide would show beneficial effects while in vitro and in vivo studies are conducted on virally related objects. Since we performed ADMET and pharmacokinetic properties in this research, we feel that the phytochemicals of the screened anti-dengue molecules may not need to be evaluated for toxicological effects.

The 18 O/ 16 O ratio of α-cellulose in land plants has proved of interest for climate, environmental, physiological, and metabolic studies. Reliable application of such a ratio may be compromised by the presence of hemicellulose impurities in the αcellulose product obtainable with current extraction methods, as the impurities are known to be isotopically different from that of the α-cellulose. We first compared the quality of hydrolysates of "αcellulose products" obtained with four representative extraction methods (Jayme and Wise; Brendel; Zhou; Loader) and quantified the hemicellulose-derived non-glucose sugars in the α-cellulose products from 40 land grass species using gas chromatography− mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Second, we performed compoundspecific isotope analysis of the hydrolysates using GC/Pyrolysis/ IRMS. These results were then compared with the bulk isotope analysis using EA/Pyrolysis/IRMS of the α-cellulose products. We found that overall, the Zhou method afforded the highest purity α-cellulose as judged by the minimal presence of lignin and the second-lowest presence of non-glucose sugars. Isotopic analysis then showed that the O-2−O-6 of the α-cellulose glucosyl units were all depleted in 18 O by 0.0−4.3 mUr (average, 1.9 mUr) in a species-dependent manner relative to the α-cellulose products. The positive isotopic bias of using the α-cellulose product instead of the glucosyl units stems mainly from the fact that the pentoses that dominate hemicellulose contamination in the α-cellulose product are relatively enriched in 18 O (compared to hexoses) as they inherit only the relatively 18 O-enriched O-2−O-5 moiety of sucrose, the common precursor of pentoses and hexoses in cellulose, and are further enriched in 18 O by the (incomplete) hydrolysis.