Protein phase separation is a major governing factor in multiple cellular processes, such as RNA metabolism and those involving RNA‐binding proteins. Despite many key observations, the exact structural characteristics of proteins involved in the phase separation process are still not fully deciphered. In this work, we show that proteins harbouring sequence regions with specific charged residue patterns are significantly associated with liquid–liquid phase separation. In particular, regions with repetitive arrays of alternating charges show the strongest association, whereas segments with generally high charge density and single α‐helices also show detectable but weaker connections.

Gastrotropin, the intracellular carrier of bile salts in the small intestine, binds two ligand molecules simultaneously in its internal cavity. The molecular rearrangements required for ligand entry are not yet fully clear. To improve our understanding of the binding process we combined molecular dynamics simulations with previously published structural and dynamic NMR parameters. The resulting ensembles reveal two distinct modes of barrel opening with one corresponding to the transition between the apo and holo states, whereas the other affecting different protein regions in both ligation states. Comparison of the calculated structures with NMR-derived parameters reporting on slow conformational exchange processes suggests that the protein undergoes partial unfolding along a path related to the second mode of the identified barrel opening motion.

In my study, I list the directions of migration research, all from the point of view of public administration science. The emergence of migration research as an independent field is necessitated by the growth of migration. Researchers are researching the phenomenon of migration from their own field. Public administration uses a multidisciplinary, i.e. methodological approach of several disciplines, all of which is determined by the knowledge and nature of the subject of the given research. In the following, I review and evaluate the methodological directions of the research, which can provide an answer to a segment of the phenomenon of migration. The study gives an insight into research methods for migration research. It is not intended to present specific examples and procedures. At the end of the study, in possible directions, beyond the science of public administration, I list the organizations and faculties that are able to use the methodology of migration research.

Lone offences are becoming more common across Europe among people with an immigrant background. In Hungary, the number of crimes related to migration and people with an immigrant background is small. The appearance of migration in the media, on the other hand, generates serious emotions. It can create groupings and trigger emotions in individuals to commit acts of wrongdoing. The phenomenon of migration has both positive and negative effects. One of the most frightening of the negative effects is the way it reshapes our thinking. This can be observed in the relationship between people with an immigrant background and the inhabitants of the host country. In my study I examine a lone perpetrator who emerges as a result of migration, focusing on the issue of prevention. I show how criminal policy and prevention models work, or do not work. At the end of the study, I outline a possible prevention model.

Protein phase separation has been shown to be a major governing factor in multiple cellular processes, especially ones concerning RNA and RNA-binding proteins. Despite many key observations, the exact structural characteristics of proteins involved in the process are still not fully deciphered. In this work we show that proteins harbouring sequences with specific regions of charged residues are significantly associated with phase separation phenomena. In particular, regions with repetitive arrays of alternating charges (termed charged residue repeats, CRRs) show the strongest association, whereas segments with generally high charge density (charge-dense regions, CDRs) and single alpha-helices (SAHs) show also detectable but weaker connections. It is known to contribute to the formation of membrane-less organelles (MLOs) and to an extent the aggregation of proteins. The causes and consequences of phase separation has been a rigorously researched topic in the last few years, as the condensation of specific phase-separating proteins is known to promote several diseases. In this work we carried out a computational analysis to examine the presence of repetitive segments with high charge density in proteins prone to phase separation. Free resources such as the Charged Single alpha-Helix (CSAH) web server and the PhaSepDB online database were used to examine possible links between the charged side-chain content of protein sequences and their partition into membrane-less condensates. Furthermore, we carried out the development of a novel algorithm aimed to detect a larger variety of charged protein segments, in order to examine their relationship to the phenomenon. Fishers exact test of independence was implemented on several generated data sets to confirm correlation between charged residue repeats (CRRs) and charge-dense regions (CDRs) within human protein sequences and their affinity for phase separation.