Foi realizado um estudo para investigar a interação entre asfaltenos (em soluções de tolueno) e resinas (em soluções de n-heptano). Para entender melhor o tipo de interação entre essas frações, quantificou-se o consumo de resina quando asfaltenos (dissolvidos em tolueno) foram precipitados com uma solução de n-heptano contendo resina. Os resultados indicaram que a precipitação de asfaltenos ocorre juntamente com a redução na concentração de resina. Os perfis das isotermas de ligação indicaram que a saturação ocorreu em um caso, em quanto que o efeito cooperativo com posterior platô inicial foi observado para duas outras amostras. Estes resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que resinas podem adsorver em asfaltenos, mas não podem evitar floculação e precipitação de asfaltenos. Além disso, resultados de microcalorimetria sugeriram que a resina e asfalteno interagem por forças fracas de van der Waals. Estes resultados estão em contraste com a escola de pensamento predominante desde a década de 1940 que advoga que as resinas podem peptizar e estabilizar asfaltenos.A study was carried out to investigate the interaction between asphaltenes (in toluene solutions) and resins (in n-heptane solutions). To better understand the type of interaction between these fractions, it was quantified the resin uptake when asphaltenes (dissolved in toluene) were precipitated by a resin-containing n-heptane solution. These results indicated the asphaltene precipitation occurs together with a reduction in the resin concentration. The binding isotherm profiles indicated that saturation occurred in one case, while collective association following an initial plateau was observed for the other two samples. These results confirmed the hypothesis that resins can adsorb on asphaltenes but cannot prevent asphaltenes from flocculating and precipitating. Furthermore, microcalorimetric results suggested that the resin and asphaltene interact by weak van der Waals forces. These results are in stark contrast with the school of thought prevalent since the 1940s that resins can peptize and stabilize asphaltenes.

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ABSTRACT. The questions connected with the solution of direct and inverse dynamic problems for thin layer elastic models in spectral domain are considered in this work. The solution of the corresponding direct problem is obtained using the complete Lamé system represented in two-dimensional spectral domain. Such transition is based on the Laplace transform with respect to the time variable and the Fourier-Bessel transform with respect to the spatial variables. Similar transformations are used for calculation of corresponding two-dimensional spectra by multicomponent seismograms. The possibility of compatibility of these two types of the spectra calculated theoretically and using real seismograms is studied. The matter is that the direct problem, solved in the spectral domain, defines the seismograms in infinite limits on the spatial and time variables. At the same time we have real observation on the limited aperture and in a finite time interval. Transformation of the limited discrete seismogram gives the deformed spectrum which can essentially differ from the theoretical solution. We study the influence of the Laplace parameter and smoothing filters on degree of compatibility of two specified types of spectra. There is shown the possibility to obtain comprehensible degree of compatibility of these spectra for synthetic seismograms, allowing to differentiate types of the models and to distinguish change of their parameters.Keywords: thin layer elastic models, Lamé system, direct and inverse problems, Laplace and Fourier-Bessel transforms, spectral analysis, limited aperture. RESUMO.Neste trabalho foram consideradas questões associadasà solução de problemas dinâmicos diretos e inversos para os modelos elásticos delgados no domínio espectral. A solução de problemas diretos obtém-se usando a transformação do sistema de Lamé completo no domínio espectral bidimensional utilizando a transformada de Laplace com respeitoà variável temporal e a transformada de Fourier-Bessel com respeitoàs variáveis espaciais. Tais transformadas utilizam sismogramas multicomponentes para cálculo dos espectros correspondentes. Uma questão fundamentalé a possibilidade de combinação dos espectros, calculados teoricamente e por sismogramas reais. A dificuldadeé que o problema direto, resolvido no domínio espectral, define o sismograma com limites infinitos com respeitoàs variáveis temporal e espaciais. Ao mesmo tempo as observações reais são registradas com abertura limitada e num intervalo de tempo finito. A transformação de sismogramas limitados e discretos dá um espectro deformado, que pode ser bem diferente da solução teórica. Neste trabalho estuda-se a influência do parâmetro de Laplace e dos filtros de suavização no grau de compatibilidade entre estes dois tipos de espectros. O resultado principal desta investigação foi a obtenção de um nível aceitável de compatibilidade dos espectros para sismogramas sintéticos, o que permite diferenciar vários tipos de modelos e distinguir a mudança dos parâmetros deles.Palavras-chave: modelos elást...

The Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) system is among the most widely used artificial lift methods in the world. This work studies the effects of high fluid viscosity on pressure losses of the flow in an ESP stage. A theoretical model was applied to four different flow cases. First, curves for head and pressure losses at the pump stage were generated and, based on literature formulations available in the model, as well as on adjusted empirical coefficients (for highly viscous fluids), implemented in the model. Subsequently, the heads were estimated and evaluated using experimental data and statistical analyses based on mean square error. The results showed that high fluid viscosity impacted considerably pressure losses and pump performance. In 50% of the cases studied, statistical analyses alone could estimate the head in the pump stage with good accuracy. However, in the remaining cases, it was also necessary to consider the physical behavior of the highly viscous fluids studied. The variability of the selected formulations from the literature (for pump head and pressure losses) with pump rotation, and especially with high fluid viscosity, was considerably larger than the ones found in previous studies for less viscous fluids.