Aim: Recent studies suggest insect declines in parts of Europe; however, the generality of these trends across different taxa and regions remains unclear. Standardized data are not available to assess large-scale, long-term changes for most insect groups but opportunistic citizen science data are widespread for some. Here, we took advantage of citizen science data to investigate distributional changes of Odonata.Location: Germany. Methods:We compiled over 1 million occurrence records from different regional databases. We used occupancy-detection models to account for imperfect detection and estimate annual distributions for each species during 1980-2016 within 5 × 5 kmThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Recent studies suggest insect declines in parts of Europe; however, the generality of these trends across different taxa and regions remains unclear. Standardized data are not available to assess large-scale, long-term changes for most insect groups but opportunistic citizen science data is widespread for some taxa. We compiled over 1 million occurrence records of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) from different regional databases across Germany. We used occupancy-detection models to estimate annual distributional changes between 1980 and 2016 for each species. We related species attributes to changes in the species distributions and inferred possible drivers of change. Species showing increases were generally warm-adapted species and/or running water species while species showing decreases were cold-adapted species using standing water habitats such as bogs. We developed a novel approach using time-series clustering to identify groups of species with similar patterns of temporal change. Using this method, we defined five typical patterns of change for Odonata, each associated with a specific combination of species attributes. Overall, trends in Odonata provide mixed news since improved water quality, coupled with positive impacts of climate change, could explain the positive trend status of many species. At the same time, declining species point to conservation challenges associated with habitat loss and degradation. Our study demonstrates the great value of citizen science data for assessing large-scale distributional change and conservation decision-making.

The moss grass Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidl is a rare, diminutive grass which grows on wet muddy bottoms of drained water bodies displaying a high degree of water level dynamics, such as fishponds or water reservoirs. Due to the temporal character of its habitat, C. subtilis has a very short life cycle of only a few weeks.

The reproductive behaviour of Neurobasis kaupi was studied for the first time in Central and South Sulawesi. The species was recorded in a wide variety of clear and fast flowing creeks, streams and rivers, mostly in forested areas. The males were territorial and defended potential oviposition sites, a limited resource. Territory owners demonstrated their presence by brief synchronized flashings of their hindwings as well as by regular inspection flights. Intruders were first driven off by short chasing flights. Longer lasting conflicts led to three different types of threatening flights, depending on the number of males involved and the level of excitation. As in other Calopterygidae males of N. kaupi led receptive females to potential oviposition sites. In courtship flight the male presented the upper sides of his stationary, depressed, quivering hindwings, with the hind margins broadly touching the water surface. Oviposition substrates were mostly submerged floating root mats or plants, optimally floating loosely at a depth of 5-15 em below the water surface. The general patterns of behaviour of N. kaupi correspond to the known behaviour of other Neurobasis species. However, within this general framework there are clear differences between this species and others, especially N. chinensis.

This paper discusses experimental results from a two-cavity test rig representation of the internal air system of a high-pressure compressor. Thermal steady-state measurements of the time-averaged local heat fluxes on both sides of the middle disk are presented for three different flow regimes: pure axial throughflow of cooling air and axial throughflow of cooling air in two directions with a superposed radial inflow of hot air in one cavity. Mass flow ratios between 1/40 < mrad/max < 2/1 are measured. Tests were carried out for a wide range of non-dimensional parameters: Reφ up to 107, Rez up to 2 × 105, and Cw up to −2.5 × 104. In all cases, the shroud is uniformly heated to approximately 100 °C. The local axial heat fluxes are determined separately for both sides of the middle disk from measurements of the surface temperatures with open spot-welded thermo-couples. The method of heat flux determination and an analysis approach calculating the uncertainties and the sensitivity are described and discussed. The local heat flux results of the different flow paths are compared and interpreted by assumed flow structures. The time-averaged heat flux results can be adequately interpreted by flow structures of two toroidal vortices for axial throughflow and a source-sink flow for the radial inflow. The measurements show that the axial heat flux can change direction, i.e., areas exist where the disk is heated and not cooled by the flow. For axial throughflow, a local minimum of heat flux exists on the impinged side in the range of x = 0.65. On the back side, a heating area exists in all tests in the lower half of the disk (x < 0.6) due to recirculated air of higher temperature. This heating area corresponds to the range of the inner vortex and increases with higher axial and rotational Reynolds numbers.