The constant improvement of selection methods is necessary in order to optimize efficiency of breeding programs for aluminum tolerance. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish a vase volume to the ideal semi-hydroponic cultivation of forage grasses subjected to stress by aluminum in nutrient solution. The experimental design completely randomized, with four replicates, each replicate consisting of one plant per vase. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design 4x5, being the first factor consists of four genotypes of forage grasses Brachiaria Humidicola; Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã; Panicum maximum cv. Massai and Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) and the second consisting of five separate volumes plastics vases where seedlings were grown (0.2; 0.25; 0.3; 0.35 and 0.4 dm³). The grasses grown in a semi-hydroponics system irrigated with nutrient solution rich in aluminum (3 mg L-1). Was measured plant height, dry weight of aereal part and root length. The semi-hydroponic cultivation in aluminum increased nutrient solution is effective in differentiation of forage grasses genotypes in relation to aluminum tolerance. Pots volumes near 0.3 dm3 promote greater development for root and aerial part attributes in forage grasses grown in nutrient solution with aluminum toxicity.

SummaryObstructive sleep apnea is the most common sleep disorder. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of respiratory muscle training in the treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The study protocol was registered in Prospero Platform (CRD42018096980). We performed searches in the main databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via Pubmed; Excerpta Medica dataBASE (Embase) via Elsevier; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via Cochrane Library; Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) through the Portal of the Virtual Health Library and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) for all randomised–controlled trials published before July 2022. The randomised–controlled trials were assessed for risk of bias and certainty of evidence. Thirteen randomised–controlled trials were included. All studies had an overall high risk of bias. Inspiratory muscle training probably improves systolic blood pressure and sleepiness when compared with sham. However, inspiratory muscle training probably does not improve diastolic blood pressure and maximum expiratory pressure, and may not be superior to sham for apnea–hypopnea index, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, sleep quality and quality of life. In addition, it is uncertain whether there is any effect of inspiratory muscle training on maximum inspiratory pressure and physical capacity. Inspiratory muscle training may also improve maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure compared with oropharyngeal exercises. However, it may not be superior for apnea–hypopnea index, sleep quality, sleepiness, quality of life and functional capacity. When associated with physical exercise, inspiratory muscle training may not be superior to physical exercise alone for maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and functional capacity. At the same time, when associated with cardiac rehabilitation exercises, inspiratory muscle training may reduce apnea–hypopnea index, improve inspiratory muscle strength, sleepiness and sleep quality compared with cardiac rehabilitation alone. However, it may not be superior for improving quality of life. Regarding expiratory muscle training, it may improve expiratory muscle strength and sleep quality, but not sleepiness when compared with sham. The evidence on the effects of expiratory muscle training in apnea–hypopnea index is very uncertain.

Introdução: A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é o distúrbio respiratório do sono mais comum. O treino muscular respiratório tem surgido como uma intervenção promissora para a melhora dos sintomas e com boa adesão, porém muito ainda se tem discutido sobre sua efetividade e segurança. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade e segurança do TMR no tratamento de pacientes com AOS. Métodos: Para tanto, realizaremos uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR). O protocolo do estudo foi registrado na Plataforma Prospero (CRD42018096980). Incluiremos indivíduos de idade superior ou igual a 18 anos, com diagnóstico de AOS, em uso ou não de pressão positiva nas vias aéreas. Excluiremos estudos com pacientes diagnosticados com lesão da medula espinhal ou doenças neuromusculares. As buscas serão realizadas nas bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) via Pubmed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (Embase) via Elsevier, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Central) via Cochrane Library, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) via Portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), sem restrições de idioma ou ano de publicação. Avaliaremos o rigor metodológico dos estudos incluídos e a certeza da evidência dos principais desfechos da revisão sistemática utilizando a ferramenta Risco de Viés 2.0 da Cochrane e a abordagem Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), respectivamente. A seleção dos estudos, extração de dados, avaliação do viés dos estudos incluídos e avaliação da certeza da evidência serão realizados por dois pesquisadores independentes. Resultados esperados: Espera-se que os resultados desta revisão forneçam informações úteis para a tomada de decisão clínica, exponham lacunas de conhecimento, assim como forneçam um bom embasamento para futuros ECR de alta qualidade sobre o assunto.