Current measurement of outcome in relation to MDOs is inadequate. A comprehensive framework that acknowledges the multi-dimensional nature of outcome is essential. Researchers must be able to justify the dimensions they prioritise.

In order to determine whether a significant change has occurred in a clinical parameter, it is essential to assess the repeatability of the measurement procedure. Accordingly, the present study has examined the repeatability of three techniques for evaluating the subjective amplitude of accommodation. Clinical amplitudes were determined using the push-up, push-down and minus lens procedures in 13 young individuals (mean age: 24.3 years) on five separate occasions. The standard deviation (SD) of the five examinations was calculated for each individual and the mean values for the population sample determined. The mean SDs for the push-up, push-down and minus lens techniques were equivalent, with 95% confidence limits of approximately 1.4 D being observed for all three procedures. Furthermore, the mean amplitude recorded using the push-up technique was significantly higher than that observed for the other two procedures. It is concluded that a change of at least +/- 1.50 D should be adopted as the minimum significant shift in amplitude of accommodation for this group.

Colleges throughout the country are bracing for a large influx of returning veterans over the next couple of years and the question is whether they can meet the needs of this population. There is a paucity of empirical literature on Iraqi and/or Afghan veterans’ adjustment in the college arena and the factors that mitigate the attrition rate and facilitate success. This research offers a glimpse into the lives of the veterans returning into college life.  An important implication of this research is to better inform educators, mental health professionals and administrators with regard to policy making, program development and restructuring efforts. A qualitative research design using structured interviews to obtain information about returning veterans from Afghanistan and/or Iraq was used in this study. This study discusses the many challenges that soldiers face when they return into the classroom.  Experiencing symptoms of PTSD is an issue exacerbating the transition into student life.  Campus health and counseling officials should have knowledge regarding symptoms and treatment strategies for PTSD and have an extensive referral list for veterans.

Needs assessment is value-laden. Also, no single needs assessment approach can address all the issues of importance to purchasers and providers. Substituting the term 'perspectives on need' for the term needs assessment would help to reflect the lack of a single 'truth' about need and emphasise the role of subjective political judgement in designing and interpreting research on 'need'.