Homozygous deletion of a 84-kb genomic fragment in human chromosome 1 that encompasses the CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes represents a risk factor for hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) but has a protective effect in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here we identify CFHR1 as a novel inhibitor of the complement pathway that blocks C5 convertase activity and interferes with C5b surface deposition and MAC formation. This activity is distinct from complement factor H, and apparently factor H and CFHR1 control complement activation in a sequential manner. As both proteins bind to the same or similar sites at the cellular surfaces, the gain of CFHR1 activity presumably is at the expense of CFH-mediated function (inhibition of the C3 convertase). In HUS, the absence of CFHR1 may result in reduced inhibition of terminal complex formation and in reduced protection of endothelial cells upon complement attack. These findings provide new insights into complement regulation on the cell surface and biosurfaces and likely define the role of CFHR1 in human diseases. IntroductionThe complement system is important for host innate and adaptive immunity and mounts a protective immune response to invading microbes. 1 The alternative complement pathway is spontaneously activated, and generates C3 convertases (C3bBb) that cleave the central component C3 to the anaphylactic peptide C3a and C3b. 2,3 C3b attached to a foreign surface binds factor B and generates the C3 convertase (C3bBb), which enhances further complement activation resulting in opsonization and phagocytosis of particles. Binding of an additional C3b molecule to the C3 convertase forms the C5 convertase (C3bBbC3b) of the alternative pathway. This convertase cleaves C5 and generates the potent chemoattractant C5a as well as C5b, which initiates the terminal complement pathway assembly. 4 C5b immediately undergoes conformational changes and binds C6 and C7 in a nonenzymatic manner. The assembled C5b67 complex is released from the convertase and attaches to lipid bilayers. Upon binding of C8 and C9, the lytic membrane attack complex (MAC) is formed. 3,5 Once activated, this powerful defense system is tightly controlled on host cell surfaces by both membrane-anchored and surface-attached soluble regulators. Proper and coordinated function of these regulators is essential for tissue integrity. Single gene mutations predispose to severe renal and retinal diseases, that is, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS; OMIM no. 235400), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN II; OMIM no. 609814), or age-related macular degeneration (AMD; OMIM no. 603075). 6,7 HUS is caused by occlusion of arterioles and capillaries in the kidney, due to endothelial cell and platelet damage. 8 MPGN II is a rare renal disease, with formation of dense deposits at the glomerular basement membrane and thickening of the peripheral capillary walls. 9 Similarly, the retinal disease AMD, which causes visual impairment of elderly people, is caused by deposits (drusen) that form on the Bruch membrane and le...

A frequent deletion of complement factor H (CFH)-related genes CFHR3 and CFHR1 (ΔCFHR3/CFHR1) is considered to have a protective effect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD), although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The deletion seems to be linked to one of the two protective CFH haplotypes which are both tagged by the protective allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs2274700 (CFH:A473A). In a German cohort of 530 AMD patients, we now show that protection against AMD conferred by ΔCFHR3/CFHR1 is independent of the effects of rs2274700 and rs1061170 (CFH:Y402H). This suggests a functional role of CFHR1 and/or CFHR3 in disease pathogenesis. We therefore characterized the CFHR3 function and identified CFHR3 as a novel human complement regulator that inhibits C3 convertase activity. CFHR3 displays anti-inflammatory effects by blocking C5a generation and C5a-mediated chemoattraction of neutrophils. In addition, CFHR3 and CFHR1 compete with factor H for binding to the central complement component C3. Thus, deficiency of CFHR3 and CFHR1 results in a loss of complement control but enhances local regulation by factor H. Our findings allude to a critical balance between the complement regulators CFHR3, CFHR1 and factor H and further emphasize the central role of complement regulation in AMD pathology.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) is a key determinant in the EBV-driven B-cell growth transformation process. By activating an array of viral and cellular target genes, EBNA-2 initiates a cascade of events which ultimately cause cell cycle entry and the proliferation of the infected B cell. In order to identify cellular target genes that respond to EBNA-2 in the absence of other viral factors, we have performed a comprehensive search for EBNA-2 target genes in two EBV-negative B-cell lines. This screen identified 311 EBNA-2-induced and 239 EBNA-2-repressed genes that were significantly regulated in either one or both cell lines. The activation of most of these genes had not previously been attributed to EBNA-2 function and will be relevant for the identification of EBNA-2-specific contributions to EBV-associated malignancies. The diverse spectrum of EBNA-2 target genes described in this study reflects the broad spectrum of EBNA-2 functions involved in virus-host interactions, including cell signaling molecules, adapters, genes involved in cell cycle regulation, and chemokines.

CaGpm1p is a surface protein as demonstrated by immunostaining and flow cytometry. A C. albicans gpm1؊/؊ mutant strain was generated that did not grow on glucose-supplemented but on ethanol-and glycerol-supplemented medium. Reduced binding of Factor H and plasminogen to the null mutant strain is in agreement with the presence of additional binding proteins. Attached to CaGpm1p, each of the three host plasma proteins is functionally active. Factor H and FHL-1 show cofactor activity for cleavage of C3b, and bound plasminogen is converted by urokinase-type plasminogen activator to proteolytically active plasmin. Thus, the surface-expressed CaGpm1p is a virulence factor that utilizes the host Factor H, FHL-1, and plasminogen for immune evasion and degradation of extracellular matrices.

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