Background: Hemodialysis patients need to make decisions about vascular access and diet that they may not fully understand. In this study, we hypothesized that patients with low health literacy are likely to choose a central venous catheter (CVC) and have higher serum potassium (K), serum phosphate (P), and inter-dialysis weight gains (IDWG). Objective: Primarily, the study sought to describe the health literacy of patients treated with hemodialysis in a Canadian tertiary care center. The secondary objective was to describe the association between health literacy and permanent vascular access choice, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and IDWG. Methods: Adult patients receiving hemodialysis for more than 6 months were included. Health literacy was assessed with the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) test. Vascular access type and reasons for CVC use were determined. Serum K, P, and IDWG were collected retrospectively for 6 months. Student's t test and logistic regression were used to determine the association between health literacy (NVS score < 4 versus ≥ 4) and CVC choice, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and high IDWG. Key Results: Fifty-six patients were involved. The average NVS score was 2.9. Overall, 66% of the patients had a CVC; one-third had chosen this access themselves. Poor control of K, P, and IDWG was experienced by 27%, 55%, and 36% of patients, respectively. The average NVS score was lower for patients choosing a CVC ( p = .001), but not different for those with higher K, P, or IDWG. None of the patients who chose a CVC had adequate health literacy (NVS ≥ 4). Conclusions: Patients with low health literacy, who are eligible for both surgically created vascular access (fistula or graft) and CVC, are more likely to refuse fistula/graft creation compared to patients with adequate health literacy. Different educational strategies for such patients may help in appropriate decision-making. [ Health Literacy Research and Practice . 2017;1(3):e136–e144.] Plain Language Summary: This study suggests that more than one-half of patients who receive hemodialysis may not understand all the information provided by their health care team. Despite a higher risk of complications with a central venous catheter, patients with lower health literacy prefer the catheter over fistula as their blood access for hemodialysis. We need to explore patient education to ensure that information is easy to understand.

BackgroundRestriction of dietary sodium is routinely recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether or not sodium intake is associated with the progression of CKD and mortality remains controversial. We evaluated the association of urinary sodium excretion (as a surrogate for sodium intake) on the need for renal replacement therapy and mortality in patients with advanced CKD.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of patients followed at a CKD clinic of a tertiary care hospital from January 2010 to December 2012. Adult patients with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 ml/min/1.73 m2) were included. Using a time-to-event analysis, we examined the association of urinary sodium excretion as a continuous and also as a categorical variable (categorized as low sodium diet - LSD (<100 mEq/day), medium sodium diet - MSD (100–150 mEq/day), and high sodium diet - HSD (>150 mEq/day) and the outcomes of interest. The primary outcome was defined as composite of progression to end-stage renal disease requiring any type of renal replacement therapy and mortality. The secondary outcome was change in eGFR/year.Results341 patients (82 LSD, 116 MSD and 143 HSD) were included in the study (mean follow up of 1.5 years) with a mean eGFR decline of 2.7 ml/min/1.73 m2/year. 105 patients (31 %) required renal replacement therapy and 10 (3 %) died. There was no association between urinary sodium excretion and change in the eGFR or need for renal replacement therapy and mortality in crude or adjusted models (unadjusted HR 1.002; 95%CI 1.000–1.004, adjusted HR 1.001; 95%CI 0.998–1.004).ConclusionIn patients with advanced CKD (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2), sodium intake does not appear to impact the progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease; however, more definitive studies are needed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0338-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Patient: Male, 55Final Diagnosis: Polycystic transformation of transplant kidneySymptoms: HematuiaMedication: Tacrolimus • Mycophenoalte Moefitil • PrednisoneClinical Procedure: Graft nephrectomySpecialty: NephrologyObjective:Unusual clinical courseBackground:Although organ donors are rigorously tested, occasionally an unidentified donor disease can be transmitted to the recipient. These conditions include malignancies, infections, and, rarely, congenital diseases.Case Report:We report a case of an inadvertent transmission of polycystic kidney disease from a 40-year-old trauma victim to both kidney recipients. There was no family history of renal disease in the donor. The renal allografts gradually increased in size with the development of cysts and functioned for 10 and 14 years.Conclusions:We report a case of inadvertent transmission of polycystic kidney disease from an unsuspecting deceased donor to both the recipients through renal allograft. Both the grafts lasted long enough to suggest that polycystic kidneys from deceased donors can be considered for transplantation.