This study uses internationally comparable methodologies to analyse the distributional impact of income tax and public transfers in 17 countries of Latin America. The results indicate that fiscal policy plays a limited role in improving the distribution of disposable income; the Gini coefficient decreased by barely three percentage points after direct fiscal action. On average, 61% of this reduction was due to public cash transfers and the rest to direct taxes, reflecting the pressing need for personal income tax to be strengthened.
Analysis of household surveys gives an indication of the potential effects of tax reformsaimed at increasing the average effective tax rate of the top income decile. Allocating this additional revenue to targeted transfers would produce significant results. Consequently, tax reforms must be evaluated bearing in mind how those resources are used.
RESUMENEn este trabajo se efectúan mediciones, comparables con las metodologías internacionales, sobre la incidencia distributiva del impuesto a la renta y las transferencias públicas monetarias en 17 países de América Latina. Los resultados indican que la política fiscal juega un papel limitado en mejorar la distribución del ingreso disponible; el coeficiente de Gini baja apenas tres puntos porcentuales luego de la acción fiscal directa. En promedio, el 61% de esta reducción proviene de las transferencias públicas en efectivo y el resto de los tributos directos, reflejo del imperativo de fortalecer el impuesto a la renta personal. Las mediciones de encuestas de hogares permiten simular los efectos potenciales de reformas tributarias orientadas a aumentar las tasas medias efectivas del decil superior. Si esta recaudación adicional se destina a transferencias focalizadas, los efectos son muy significativos. En consecuencia, es necesario evaluar las reformas tributarias considerando el uso de estos recursos.
PALABRAS CLAVETributación, impuesto a la renta, ingresos, distribución del ingreso, medición, datos estadísticos, política fiscal, América Latina CLASIFICACIÓN JEL H22, H23, H24, H5, H55
This article expands upon the final report of a joint project conducted by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) entitled Illicit Financial Flows, Tax Evasion and the Extractive Sector. The project was part of the cooperation programme on combating illicit financial flows funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) of Germany. The authors are grateful for the comments and suggestions made by an anonymous referee.
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