Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species and population resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies of evolutionary biology, molecular ecology and conservation genetics produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations. While open data policies have ensured an abundance of freely available genomic data stored in the databases of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC), only about 13% of current accessions have the associated spatial and temporal metadata in INSDC necessary to be reused in monitoring programs, macrogenetic studies, or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous Peoples. We undertook a “distributed datathon” to quantify the availability of these missing metadata in sources external to the INSDC and to test the hypothesis that these metadata decay with time. We also worked to remediate these missing metadata by extracting them, when present, from associated published papers, online repositories, and/or from direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 programmatically identified candidate datasets (INSDC BioProjects), we manually determined that 492 contained samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata (locality name and/or geospatial coordinates and collection year) for 82% of these 492 datasets (N = 401 BioProjects comprising 42,104 individuals or BioSamples). We also quantified the availability of 33 additional categories of metadata in sources external to the INSDC. Information about associated publications and the type of habitat from which the samples were taken was the most easily found; information about sampling permits was the most challenging to locate. Looking at papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting authors, who only replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors discovered useful metadata. Importantly, we found that the probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declines significantly with the age of the dataset, with a 13.5% yearly decrease for metadata located in published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease for metadata that were only available from authors. This observable metadata decay, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost forever.

Purpose This paper aims to describe a case study of the open and affordable educational resources (OAER) initiatives led by Penn State University Libraries (UL) and implemented at its many campuses which are designed to address the challenges students experience accessing and funding their course materials. Design/methodology/approach This case study will show how a broad administrative mandate for high-level OAER initiatives created the environment for Penn State (PSU) to evolve from individual pioneering units into coordinated university-wide initiatives. This shift, spearheaded by administration with strong UL involvement, allowed for customized and targeted initiatives at its many campuses. By using UL’s centralized, but geographically dispersed, structure, library faculty and staff have been supported in their efforts to expand OAER from the ground up to meet individual contexts and campus needs. Findings As a result of its many open and affordable initiatives, PSUL has been able to demonstrate both savings and increased access for students across PSU’s many campuses and World Campus. Broad administrative support has created an environment which enabled UL faculty and staff to lead various initiatives. Originality/value UL has long been a leader and partner in open and affordability initiatives at PSU because of its core mission of providing access. By sharing the processes and logistics of how a large research institution with many campuses of various sizes implemented a wide variety of library-driven open and affordability initiatives through a centralized but geographically dispersed structure, academic libraries will be able to replicate similar initiatives in their unique contexts.

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