Since it is known that hyaluronic acid contributes to soft tissue growth, elasticity, and scar reduction, different strategies of producing HA have been explored in order to satisfy the current demand of HA in pharmaceutical products and formulations. The current interest deals with production via bacterial and yeast fermentation and extraction from animal sources; however, the main challenge is the right extraction technique and strategy since the original sources (e.g., fermentation broth) represent a complex system containing a number of components and solutes, which complicates the achievement of high extraction rates and purity. This review sheds light on the main pathways for the production of HA, advantages, and disadvantages, along with the current efforts in extracting and purifying this high-added-value molecule from different sources. Particular emphasis has been placed on specific case studies attempting production and successful recovery. For such works, full details are given together with their relevant outcomes.

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The contamination generated by multiple antibiotics represents a general concern given its impact at the environmental level, mainly affecting the planet’s soil and water and impacting the development of numerous species. Additionally, a new problem has been triggered in terms of the development of antibiotic-resistance genes in various pathogenic microorganisms generating concern for the health sector in terms of the efficiency of antibiotics in the future. These actual problems and concerns demand efforts and actions to remove or eliminate these contaminants. Multiple alternatives to reduce the impact of antibiotics in water have been carried out, such as advanced oxidation, reverse osmosis, and membrane filtration. However, adsorption techniques have presented more favorable and viable results in which carbon-based materials are an efficient tool to remediate the environment that can take advantage of other alternatives due to their characteristics. This review presents different carbon-based absorptive materials such as biochar, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, and graphene to remove these contaminants, given their characteristics and favorable results. However, process integration, production, and modification continue to be challenging and require more research and experimentation.