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Background: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is an uncommon disease that is diagnosed clinically by the selective use of urine cytology, urine biomarkers, and imaging of the upper tract. We present a case of a patient with Lynch syndrome and high-grade UTUC that was diagnosed by an abnormal Cxbladder assay, prompting further endoscopic examination.Case Presentation: A 59-year-old Caucasian female with a history of endometrial cancer and bladder cancer with Lynch syndrome presented for evaluation of recurrent urothelial carcinoma. Her previous bladder tumors have been T1 high grade and Ta high grade and have been treated with resection and multiple cycles of intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) therapy. She had also undergone a robotic left distal ureterectomy and psoas hitch for a high-grade distal ureteral tumor. Surveillance cystoscopy 7 months after revealed a biopsy-confirmed bladder tumor, which was resected, and she was started on maintenance BCG therapy. At presentation, follow-up urine cytology and UroVysion studies were negative. Cxbladder test was also initially negative. However, during close clinical monitoring, the Cxbladder test became positive. Cystoscopy was once more performed, which was unremarkable. Bilateral ureteroscopy was performed, revealing high-grade upper tract renal papillary carcinoma (UTUC) in the left renal pelvis. The patient declined a nephroureterectomy. She was treated with two sessions of holmium laser ablation of the left renal pelvis tumor and underwent 6 weekly courses of BCG + interferon instilled into her left renal pelvis using a 5F open-ended catheter. Repeat urine cytology, UroVysion, and Cxbladder tests were negative after completion of upper tract BCG therapy.Conclusion: Cxbladder test may be useful and an adjunct to urine cytology and the UroVysion FISH assay to evaluate patients at high risk for recurrent UTUC.

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Objective: To evaluate whether color-coding of prostate core biopsy specimens aids in preservation of the neurovascular bundles from an oncological perspective. Materials and Methods: MRI guided transrectal ultrasound and biopsy of the prostate were performed in 51 consecutive patients suspected of being at high risk for harboring prostate cancer. Core specimens were labeled with blue dye at the deep aspect and red dye at the superficial peripheral aspect of the core. The distance from the tumor to the end of the dyed specimen was measured to determine if there was an area of normal tissue between the prostate capsule and tumor. Results: Of the 51 patients undergoing prostate biopsy, 30 (58.8%) were found to have cancer of the prostate: grade group 1 in 13.7%, 2 in 25.5%, 3 in 7.8%, 4 in 7.8% and 5 in 3.9% of the cohort. A total of 461 cores were analyzed in the cohort, of which 122 showed cancer. Five patients opted to undergo robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. No patients had a positive surgical margin (PSM) or extra prostatic extension (EPE) on radical prostatectomy if there was a margin of normal prostatic tissue seen between the dye and the tumor on prostate biopsy. Conclusion: Color-coding of prostate biopsy core specimens may assist in tailoring the approach for preservation of the neurovascular bundles without compromising early oncological efficacy. Further study is required to determine whether this simple modification of the prostate biopsy protocol is valuable in larger groups of patients.