Exercise reduces sympathetic activity (SA), arterial pressure and heart rate in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Exercise increases oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation is implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and progression of hypertension. To unravel these effects of exercise and considering that SA is driven by medullary areas, we hypothesized that swimming exercise (SW) affects the gene expression (g.e.) of proteins involved in inflammation and OS in the commissural Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (cNTS) and Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which control the sympathetic outflow in SHR. We used male SHR and Wistar rats (14-16wks-old) which were maintained sedentary (SED) or submitted to SW (1 h/day, 5 days/wk./6wks). The g.e. of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), AT-1 receptor (AT-1r), neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Ctb) in cNTS and RVLM was carried out by qPCR. We observed that COX-2 g.e. increased in SW-SHR in cNTS and RVLM compared to SED-SHR. The IL-6 g.e. reduced in RVLM in SW-SHR, whereas IL-10 g.e. increased in SW-SHR in comparison to SED-SHR. The AT-1r g.e. decreased in SW-SHR in cNTS and RVLM compared to SED-SHR. The Ngb and Ctb g.e. in cNTS neurons increased in SHR and Wistar rats submitted to SW compared to SED, but only Ctb g.e. increased in RVLM in SW-SHR and Wistar in comparison to SED. Therefore, the SW altered the g.e. in cNTS and RVLM for reducing the inflammation and ROS formation, which is increased particularly in SHR, consequently decreasing the OS.

Introduction: Alzheimer disease's (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and it is known that the central nervous system (CNS) is an important target of thyroid hormones (TH). Moreover, an inverse association between serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels and the risk of AD was reported.Aim: To evaluate the effects of T3 treatment on the depression-like behavior observed in male transgenic 3xTg-AD mice. Main methods: Animals were divided into 2 groups, one group received daily intraperitoneal injections of L-T3 (T3 group), and the other received an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline (Control group). The experimental protocol lasted 21 days, and behavioral tests were conducted on days 15-19. At the conclusion of the experiment, the TH pro le and hippocampal gene expression were evaluated.Key ndings: It was observed that the T3-treated group presented signi cantly increased serum T3 and decreased thyroxine (T4) levels. When compared to control hippocampal samples, the T3 group exhibited attenuated glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), amyloid-beta precursorprotein (APP), serotonin transporter (SERT), 5HT1a receptor, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) gene expression levels and augmented superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and Hairless gene expression levels. Additionally, T3-treated animals displayed reduced immobility time in both the tail suspension and forced swim tests, and in the latter presented a higher latency time when compared to the control group.Signi cance: Taken together, our results demonstrate that in an AD mouse model, T3 supplementation promotes improvements in depression-like behavior, likely through the modulation of the serotonergic pathway, and also attenuated disease progression.

Artigo originAl introdução:Recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT) com menos de 27 semanas de idade gestacional apresentam vulnerabilidade para o desenvolvimento de hemorragias peri e intraventriculares (HPIV), o que pode afetar a mielinização e organização do córtex cerebral, acarretando possíveis prejuízos ao desenvolvimento. objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento neurológico de RNPT acometido por HPIV com e sem sepse segundo a versão resumida do Método Dubowitz, delimitar a presença de itens desviantes da avaliação e comparar com as respostas obtidas pelo grupo controle (sem HPIV). Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado no Hospital Municipal Universitário de São Bernardo do Campo (SP). Os RNPT foram divididos em três grupos, sendo dois estudos (HPIV e HPIV + sepse) e um controle. Os participantes foram avaliados com idade correspondente ao termo. A versão resumida do método, utilizada como triagem para recém-nascidos de risco neurológico é constituída por 12 itens. As análises foram realizadas segundo pontuações desviantes nestes itens e comparadas com as pontuações esperadas para a normalidade. Os dados obtidos foram comparados na pontuação resumida e na pontuação da versão íntegra. resultados: A frequência de RNPT com pontuações atípicas foram: 40% no grupo HPIV + sepse, 10% no grupo HPIV e 15% no controle. Conclusão: A HPIV de forma isolada não parece ser um fator significante para presença de itens desviantes no Método Dubowitz resumido. A presença de HPIV em graus mais severos esteve associada à presença de sepse. Os RNPT com HPIV associada à sepse obtiveram pior desempenho neurológico.Palavras-chave: hemorragia intracranianas; exame neurológico; nascimento prematuro; deficiências do desenvolvimento.introduction: Preterm infants with less than 27 weeks of gestacional age present vulnerability for development of periand intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH). This can affect the myelinization and organization of cerebral cortex, leading to possible developmental impairment. objective: To evaluate the neurological behavior of preterm infants affected by PIVH with and without sepsis according to the Dubowitz Method summary, to delimit the presence of deviant items of the evaluation and to compare with the results of the control group (without PIVH). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The preterm infants were divided in three groups, two study groups (PIVH and PIVH + sepsis), and one control group. The summary version of the Dubowitz Method was used as a neurological screening for the risk in preterm infants. The analysis was performed according to scores with deviation in these items and compared to the expected normal score. Data obtained were compared using the summary score and the full version of the test. results: The frequency of abnormal scores was: 40% in the group with PIVH + sepsis, 10% in the group only with PIVH, 15% in the control group. Conclusion: The PIVH does not seem to be a significant factor for the presence of items with deviation in the summary version of Dubowitz Method. The presence of PIVH in ...

Introduction: Alzheimer disease’s (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and it is known that the central nervous system (CNS) is an important target of thyroid hormones (TH). Moreover, an inverse association between serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels and the risk of AD was reported. Aim: To evaluate the effects of T3 treatment on the depression-like behavior observed in male transgenic 3xTg-AD mice. Main methods: Animals were divided into 2 groups, one group received daily intraperitoneal injections of L-T3 (T3 group), and the other received an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline (Control group). The experimental protocol lasted 21 days, and behavioral tests were conducted on days 15-19. At the conclusion of the experiment, the TH profile and hippocampal gene expression were evaluated. Key findings: It was observed that the T3-treated group presented significantly increased serum T3 and decreased thyroxine (T4) levels. When compared to control hippocampal samples, the T3 group exhibited attenuated glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), amyloid-beta precursor-protein (APP), serotonin transporter (SERT), 5HT1a receptor, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) gene expression levels and augmented superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and Hairless gene expression levels. Additionally, T3-treated animals displayed reduced immobility time in both the tail suspension and forced swim tests, and in the latter presented a higher latency time when compared to the control group. Significance: Taken together, our results demonstrate that in an AD mouse model, T3 supplementation promotes improvements in depression-like behavior, likely through the modulation of the serotonergic pathway, and also attenuated disease progression.

Trisomy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome (DS) and affects around 1 in 700 live births in the USA and 11.2 in 10,000 live births in Europe. For about a century, the birth of individuals with DS was associated with advanced maternal age and now the cases of late motherhood are becoming more common. DS is the most common genetic disorder that causes intellectual disability; and advancements in science in developed countries have made it possible for people affected by this syndrome to live longer, but an extended life span has brought with it Alzheimer's disease (AD), which exacerbates the cognitive decline in these individuals. The onset of AD occurs much earlier in DS individuals than in the general population. AD is a severe progressive neurodegenerative disease, which induces decreasing memory capacity and cognition. Several important genes related to AD are