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German and other languages of Europe have supercomposed tenses which are the result of a twofold application of the strategy that forms perfects. Based on their low frequency in the written registers, these constructions are considered marginal. In spoken German double perfects often compete with the pluperfect. But I argue that their use in literary German is motivated, so that double perfect constructions are indeed members of the tense inventory. Elsewhere in Europe, we find similar con-structions associated with rather specific (and similar) meanings, both where synthetic past tenses are on the decline and where they are preserved.

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The problem of emulsification between Phase Change Material (PCM) and Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) in direct contact latent heat storage systems has been reported in various studies. This issue causes the PCM to flow out of the storage tank and crystallize at unwanted locations and thus presents a major limitation for the proper operation of such systems. These anomalies become more pronounced when high HTF flow rates are employed with the aim to achieve fast heat transfer rates. The goal of this paper is to find a method which will enable the fast separation of the formed emulsion and thus the uninterrupted operation of the storage unit. In this study, three separation methods were examined and the use of superhydrophobic filters was chosen as the best candidate for the demulsification of the PCM and HTF mixtures. The filter was produced by processing of a melamine sponge with different superhydrophobic adhesives and was tested with emulsions closely resembling the ones formed in a real direct contact setup. The superhydrophobic filter obtained, was able to separate the emulsions effectively while presenting a very high permeability (up to 1,194,980 kg h−1 m−2 bar−1). This is the first time the use of a superhydrophobic sponge has been investigated in the context of demulsification in direct contact latent heat storage.