BackgroundThis study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adding a fixed combination of brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% to prostaglandin analog (PGA) monotherapy in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, pigment dispersion glaucoma, or ocular hypertension who require additional intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction.MethodsThis was a prospective, multicenter (n = 5), open-label, single-arm, Phase IV clinical trial in which patients currently being treated with a PGA but requiring additional IOP reduction were administered brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% twice daily as adjunctive therapy to their current PGA monotherapy regimen. The primary objective was to examine the IOP-lowering efficacy of brinzolamide-timolol when used as adjunctive therapy.ResultsForty-seven patients enrolled in and completed the study. After 12 weeks of adjunctive brinzolamide-timolol therapy, the mean IOP of the total patient population decreased from 22.1 mmHg at baseline to 16.7 mmHg. The mean IOP reduction of 5.4 mmHg (24.4%) was both clinically and statistically significant (P < 0.001). This significant decrease in mean IOP at week 12 was maintained across all PGA groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in symptom frequency between baseline and week 12 for any of the six solicited symptoms. A total of 17 adverse events from six patients was reported, of which ten were drug-related. Most (n = 7) of the drug-related adverse events were mild or moderate in intensity. None of the adverse events required any treatment or resulted in treatment interruption or discontinuation. Of the 90 eligible eyes, 85.6% had a decrease in IOP of at least 3 mmHg from baseline and 98% of patients had a decrease in IOP of ≥1 mmHg.ConclusionThis study suggests that a fixed combination of brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% can provide additional IOP reduction effectively and safely when used as adjunctive therapy for patients receiving insufficient IOP reduction from PGA monotherapy.

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We present an interactive online workshop for K-12 students, which aims in familiarizing students with core concepts of AI. The workshop consists of a variety of resources, inspired by inquiry-based learning techniques, of which we present in detail one module, centered around a browser-based game called Gradient Descent. This module introduces the mathematical concepts behind a gradient descent-based optimization algorithm through the computer game of a treasure hunt at an unknown sea surface landscape. Finally, we report on student feedback for the module in a series of content and language integrated learning in German (CLiLiG) workshops for students aged 14-17 in 30 countries.

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