A highly conserved signaling property of Nef proteins encoded by human or simian immunodeficiency virus is the binding and activation of a PAK kinase whose function is unclear. Here we show that Nef-mediated p21-activated kinase (PAK) activation involves phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, which acts upstream of PAK and is bound and activated by Nef similar to the manner of Polyoma virus middle T antigen. The Nef-associated phosphatidylinositol-3-PAK complex phosphorylated the pro-apoptotic Bad protein without involving the protein kinase B-Akt kinase, which is generally believed to inactivate Bad by serine phosphorylation. Consequently, Nef, but not a Nef mutant incapable of activating PAK, blocked apoptosis in T cells induced by serum starvation or HIV replication. Nef anti-apoptotic effects are likely a crucial mechanism for viral replication in the host and thus in AIDS pathogenesis.

With T-cell lines constitutively expressing Nef from the SF2 strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-ls5) in the form of a hybrid CD8-Nef fusion protein or T-cell lines chronically infected with HIV-1sF2, a cellular serine kinase was found that specifically associates with Nef. Proteins of 62 kDa and 72 kDa, which coimmunoprecipitated with Nef, were phosphorylated in in vitro kinase assays. This Nefassociated serine kinase activity was not blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase C or protein kinase A and was lost when Nef was truncated at amino acid 94 or 99. These rmdings present evidence that a serine kinase activity is associated with Nef expressed in human T lymphocytes.

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During HIV/SIV infection, there is widespread programmed cell death in infected and, perhaps more importantly, uninfected cells. Much of this apoptosis is mediated by Fas–Fas ligand (FasL) interactions. Previously we demonstrated in macaques that induction of FasL expression and apoptotic cell death of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by SIV is dependent on a functional nef gene. However, the molecular mechanism whereby HIV-1 induces the expression of FasL remained poorly understood. Here we report a direct association of HIV-1 Nef with the ζ chain of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex and the requirement of both proteins for HIV-mediated upregulation of FasL. Expression of FasL through Nef depended upon the integrity of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the TCR ζ chain. Conformation for the importance of ζ for Nef-mediated signaling in T cells came from an independent finding. A single ITAM motif of ζ but not CD3ε was both required and sufficient to promote activation and binding of the Nef-associated kinase (NAK/p62). Our data imply that Nef can form a signaling complex with the TCR, which bypasses the requirement of antigen to initiate T cell activation and subsequently upregulation of FasL expression. Thus, our study may provide critical insights into the molecular mechanism whereby the HIV-1 accessory protein Nef contributes to the pathogenesis of HIV.