An intuitionistie proof of KruskaFs Theorem W im Veldman Subfaculteit W iskunde, Katholieke Universiteit Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the N etherlands email: veldman@sei,kun.nl 0 Introduction In 1960, J.B. Kruskal published a proof of a conjecture due to A. Vazsonyi. Vazsonyi's conjecture, to be explained in detail in Section 8, says th a t the collection of all finite trees is well-quasi-ordered by the relation of embeddability, th a t is, for every infinite sequence a(0), a(l), a(2) ,. .. of finite trees there exist i, j such th a t i < j and a(i) embeds into a(j). Kruskal established an even stronger statem ent th a t he called the Tree Theorem. He proved it by a slight extension of an argum ent developed by G. Higman in 1952. In 1963, a short proof of Kruskal's Theorem was given by C .St.J.A Nash-Williams, who introduced the elegant and powerful but non-constructive minimal-bad-sequence argument. The purpose of this paper is to show th a t the argum ents given by Higman and Kruskal are essentially constructive and acceptable from an intuitionistie point of view and th a t the later argum ent given by Nash-Williams is not. The paper consists of the following 11 Sections.
We present variants of Goodstein's theorem that are in turn equivalent to respectively → in turn arithmetical comprehension and to arithmetical transfinite recursion over a weak base theory. These variants differ from the usual Goodstein theorem in that they (necessarily) entail the existence of complex infinite objects. As part of our proof, we show that the Veblen hierarchy of normal functions on the ordinals is closely related to an extension of the Ackermann function by direct limits.
Abstract. In this article we give a unifying approach to the theory of fundamental sequences and their related Hardy hierarchies of number-theoretic functions and we show the equivalence of the new approach with the classical one.Mathematics Subject Classification: 03D20, 03F15, 03E10.
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