More sophisticated research designs may be necessary to solve the general problem of the small measurable impact of educational interventions and to come to scientifically sound conclusions about the best way to teach gross anatomy. Such research will have to include sufficient sample sizes, the use of validated assessment instruments, and a discussion of the educational significance of measured differences. More educational research in anatomy is necessary to counterbalance emotional arguments about dissection with scientific evidence. Anatomical knowledge is too important to future doctors to leave its teaching to the educational fashion of the day.
Pregabalin demonstrated modest efficacy in pain, global assessment, and function in FM at 450 mg/day, and improved sleep across all dose levels, but it did not provide consistent evidence of benefit at 300 and 600 mg/day in this study. Pregabalin was generally well tolerated for the treatment of FM. (Clinical trial registry NCT00333866).
A link between fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been suggested because both conditions share some similar symptoms. The temporal relationships between traumatic experiences and the onset of PTSD and FMS symptoms have not been studied until now. All consecutive FMS patients in 8 study centres of different specialties were assessed from February 1 to July 31, 2012. Data on duration of chronic widespread pain (CWP) were based on patients' self-reports. Potential traumatic experiences and year of most burdensome traumatic experience were assessed by the trauma list of the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview. PTSD was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV symptom criteria by the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Age- and sex-matched persons of a general population sample were selected for controls. Three hundred ninety-five of 529 patients screened for eligibility were analysed (93.9% women, mean age 52.3 years, mean duration since chronic widespread pain 12.8 years); 45.3% of FMS patients and 3.0% of population controls met the criteria for PTSD. Most burdensome traumatic experience and PTSD symptoms antedated the onset of CWP in 66.5% of patients. In 29.5% of patients, most burdensome traumatic experience and PTSD symptoms followed the onset of CWP. In 4.0% of patients' most burdensome traumatic experience, PTSD and FMS symptoms occurred in the same year. FMS and PTSD are linked in several ways: PTSD is a potential risk factor of FMS and vice versa. FMS and PTSD are comorbid conditions because they are associated with common antecedent traumatic experiences.
With the ongoing and expanding use of willed bodies in medical
education and research, there has been a concomitant rise in the need for willed
bodies and an increase in the means of supplying these bodies. A relatively
recent development to enlarge this supply has been the growth of for‐
profit willed body companies (“body brokers”) in the United States.
These companies advertise for donors, cover all cremation and other fees for the
donor, distribute the bodies or body parts nationally and internationally, and
charge their users for access to the body or body parts. In doing so, they
generate substantial profits. This review examines the historical development of
willed body programs, the legal and economic aspects of willed body programs, and
then provides an ethical framework for the use of willed bodies. The ethical
principles described include detailed informed consent from the donors,
comprehensive and transparent information about the process from the body
donation organizations, and societal input on the proper and legal handling of
willed bodies. Based on the ethical principles outlined, it is recommended that
there be no commercialization or commodification of willed bodies, and that
programs that use willed bodies should not generate profit.
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