Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) belong to the Papillomaviridae family and are epitheliotropic infecting squamous epithelia (skin and mucosae). HPV is estimated to be the cause of 99% of cervical cancers (there is no evidence of significant genetic predisposition for cervical cancer), 90% of anal cancer, 65% vaginal cancers, 50% vulvar cancers, and 45-90% oropharyngeal cancers. The route of HPV transmission is primarily through skin-to-skin or skin-to-mucosa contact. Sexual transmission is the most documented, but there have been studies suggesting non-sexual courses. The horizontal transfer of HPV includes fomites, fingers, and mouth, skin contact (other than sexual). Self-inoculation is described in studies as a potential HPV transmission route, as it was certified in female virgins, and in children with genital warts (low-risk HPV) without a personal history of sexual abuse. Vertical transmission from mother to child is another HPV transfer course. Several studies have emphasized the possibility of infection through the amniotic fluid, or the placenta, or via contact with maternal genital mucosa during natural birth. Waterborne transmission of HPV has never been demonstrated; however, HPV DNA has been detected in water environments. Routine hygiene measures are proven to be inefficient in preventing HPV transmission, as the studies which have evaluated samples of HPV on contaminated medical equipment (after standard disinfection) have found them to be still positive. Annual costs associated with the morbidity and mortality of HPV-related diseases are estimated at approximately $4 billion. Once the HPV vaccine program in Australia was launched, many studies reported the initial effects: A decrease in the incidence of high-grade cervical abnormalities, no new genital warts cases in females under 21 years. Promoting greater understanding in the general public about the evident benefits of vaccination can create positive vaccine attitudes and scatter the myths of spurious side effects. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Risk factors for HPV infection 3. Routes for HPV transmission 4. Everyday hygiene measures 5. Wart treatment 6. Prophylactic treatment of HPV-related disease 7. Campaigns for raising awareness of HPV 8. Conclusions

Ileusul dinamic postoperator (POI) este un fenomen complex cu morbiditate şi mortalitate importante, bine cunoscut în multe specialităţi chirurgicale. POI apare frecvent în chirurgia abdominală şi pelvină, în special la pacienţii oncologici. Raportăm cazul unei paciente în vârstă de 63 de ani, fără factori de risc cunoscuţi pentru POI, căreia i s-a practicat histerectomie totală cu anexectomie bilaterală pentru o suspiciune de tumoră ovariană malignă, invalidată de examenul histopatologic extemporaneu. Evoluţia postoperatorie este marcată de activitate intestinală redusă, cu lipsa tranzitului intestinal pentru gaze şi materii fecale timp de 6 zile, perioadă în care a fost instituit tratamentul şi prevenirea POI în colaborare cu Chirurgia Generală, fără efect. Abdomenul a fost destins, fără greaţă sau vărsături. Complicaţiile au apărut în a 6-a zi postoperatorie, cu evisceraţie blocată, după ce a fost solicitată o tomografie a abdomenului şi regiunii pelvine pentru a elimina suspiciunea unei mase tumorale sau o patologie care implică zona intestinală. După reintervenţie, pacienta şi-a reluat tranzitul pentru gaze şi materii fecale, dar au apărut alte 2 complicaţii, care au fost tratate cu succes: sepsis şi tromboză venoasă profundă. Înţelegerea fiziopatologiei ar putea ajuta la prevenirea, diagnos

α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural molecule that is inconsistently synthesized by the human body and must be provided from exogenous sources, such as food and dietary supplements. Once absorbed, the oxidized form of ALA is transformed into its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA). ALA/DHLA exert direct and indirect antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and fine immunomodulatory effects. ALA/DHLA reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17), while increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). They also inhibit cyclooxygenase 2, thereby decreasing the secretion of prostaglandin E2 and nitrogen oxide, and reducing the risk of miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy. In patients at risk of abortion, administration of ALA from the first trimester has shown efficacy by accelerating subchorionic hematoma resorption, with a significant decrease in the accompanying abdominal pain. ALA has been proven to be efficient in maintaining the length of the cervix and keeping it closed following one episode of premature labor. Preeclampsia is a dysfunction caused by abnormal placentation and an excessive maternal inflammatory response, leading to extreme hypoxia in the placental bed and exaggerated oxidative stress, with release of oxygen free radicals. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. The hypothesis of antioxidant supplementation may play an essential part in disease prevention and fetal neuroprotection. Contents1. Introduction 2. ALA/DHLA action 3. ALA impact on high-risk pregnancies 4. Conclusions

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