Neoadjuvant treatment has become the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer for many years. Several neoadjuvant therapeutic options are currently used, the most common being conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (or long-course radiotherapy) administered concomitantly with chemotherapy and hypofractionated radiotherapy (or short-course radiotherapy). This meta-analysis will give a better overview of the results of several studies that compare long-course radio-chemotherapy with short-course radiotherapy, emphasizing on the severe acute and late toxicities and the postoperative results of the analyzed studies.After identification, analysis and verification of eligibility criteria, eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the classic Oxford quality grading system (Jadad scale).The results obtained in this meta-analysis shows us that we can safely use both short-course radiotherapy and long-course radio-chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, without

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Background/aims: To perform a limited observational study to ascertain whether there is statistical support that nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a predisposing factor in the development of overactive bladder (OAB). Materials and methods: The authors recruited patients diagnosed with OAB over a period of twelve months, and those who declared a history of NE were asked additional questions regarding the features of their NE. Results: A total of 285 patients were diagnosed with overactive bladder, and 98 (34.38%) of them had previously displayed NE symptoms that had diminished before reaching the median age of 9.83. Separation of patients by sex revealed a male majority (58.16%). Additionally, most patients had urban origins (75.51%). The median time span from remission of NE to diagnosis of OAB was 24.79 years, and the median age at which patients began to suffer was 31.80 years. Behavioural factors (smoking, alcohol consumption) and psychological and infectious factors (past history of urinary tract infection) were identified at varying degrees. Conclusions: The presence of NE in a third of the patients who in time developed OAB and the earlier onset of OAB for these patients suggests a causal physio-pathological relationship between NE and OAB. The preponderance of urban patients confirm the existence of acquired urban triggering factors of OAB (nutritious, social, or professional). Keywords: Nocturnal enuresis, Overactive bladder, Predisposing cause, Risk factors.

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