The rapid and reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans is crucial for suitable infection control. In this sense, many studies have focused on increasing the sensibility, lowering the detection limits and minimizing false negative/positive results. Thus, biosensors based on nanoarchitectures of conducting polymers (CPs) are promising alternatives to more traditional materials, since they can hold improved surface area, higher electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity. In this work, we reported the analytical comparison of two different CPs morphologies for the development of an impedimetric biosensor to monitor SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. Biosensors based on polypyrrole (PPy), synthesized in both globular and nanotubular (NTs) morphology, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are reported, using a self-assembly monolayer of 3-mercaptopropionic acid and covalently linked SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein. Firstly, the novel hybrid materials were characterized by electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements, and the biosensor step-by-step construction was characterized by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. As a proof of concept, the biosensor was used for the impedimetric detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibodies. The results showed a linear response for different antibody concentrations, good sensibility and possibility to quantify 7.442 and 0.4 ng mL -1 of monoclonal antibody for PPy in the globular and nanotubular morphology, respectively. The PPy-NTs biosensor was able to discriminate serum obtained from COVID-19 positive vs negative clinical samples and is a promising tool for COVID-19 immunodiagnostic, which can contribute to further studies concerning rapid, efficient, and reliable detections.

Poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes (PEDOT-NTs) were electrochemically synthesized onto a stainless steel mesh electrode followed by one-pot electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at the nanotubular surface. The hybrid nanomaterial has shown remarkable electrochemical properties with the diminishment of the charge transfer resistance besides the possibility of further electrode modification by the thiol bonding at the AuNPs. The modified electrodes were deeply characterized by electrochemical techniques, in special by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which provides valuable information about the interfacial processes. The morphology of the nanomaterial was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. The biosensing properties were evaluated through the avidin/biotin pair. The methodology of construction of the biosensor was further adapted to explore a cancer biomarker detection, the folate binding protein (FBP), which presented high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 4.5 pmol L–1, one of the lowest found in literature. Also, the hybrid material was used in the development of supercapacitors, the inclusion of AuNPs provided a remarkable durability of the PEDOT-NTs modified electrodes presenting long cycling stability (over 3000 cycles) and high energy density, compared with bare PEDOT nanotubes modified electrodes.

An electrochemical sensor for the pesticide Pirimicarb (PMC) has been developed. A screen-printed electrode (SPCE) was used and modified with the conducting polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to enhance electrochemical proprieties. Electrode characterizations were performed using scattering electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). With the SPCE/PEDOT:PSS/AuNPs modified electrode, a new peak at 1.0 V appeared in the presence of PMC related to the PMC oxidation. To elucidate the mechanism of PMC oxidation, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), where two major peaks were identified, evidencing that the device can both detect and degrade PMC by an electro-oxidation process. Exploring this peak signal, it was possible the sensor development, performing detection from 93.81–750 µmol L−1, limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) of 93.91 µmol L−1 and 28.34 µmol L−1, respectively. Thus, it was possible to study and optimization of PMC degradation, moreover, to perform detection at low concentrations and with good selectivity against different interferents using a low-cost printed electrode based on graphite modified with conductive polymer and AuNPs.

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Developing new flexible and electroactive materials is a significant challenge to producing safe, reliable, and environmentally friendly energy storage devices. This study introduces a promising electrolyte system that fulfills these requirements. First, polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes are electropolymerized in graphite‐thread electrodes using methyl orange (MO) templates in an acidic medium. The modification increases the conductivity and does not compromise the flexibility of the electrodes. Next, flexible supercapacitors are built using hydrogel prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) obtained by freeze–thawing and swollen with ionic solutions as an electrolyte. The material exhibits a homogenous and porous hydrogel matrix allowing a high conductivity of 3.6 mS cm−1 as‐prepared while displaying great versatility, changing its electrochemical and mechanical properties depending on the swollen electrolyte. Therefore, it allows its combination with modified graphite‐thread electrodes into a quasi‐solid electrochemical energy storage device, achieving a specific capacitance (Cs) value of 66 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Finally, the flexible device exhibits specific energy and power values of 19.9 W kg−1 and 3.0 Wh kg−1, relying on the liquid phase in the hydrogel matrix produced from biodegradable polymers. This study shows an environment friendly, flexible, and tunable quasi‐solid electrolyte, depending on a simple swell experiment to shape its properties according to its application.