This paper is a review of the specific taxonomy of the lizard genus Phrynocephalus Kaup, 1825. From 1771 to 2002, 140 species were either described as members of this genus, or of other genera but subsequently reffered to this genus. We have tried to review all the available information on the taxonomic status of these 140 names and the status of their name-bearing types. As a result of this review, 114 types are known to be extant, including 22 lectotypes and 5 neotypes designated in the present paper. As a conclusion of this preliminary analysis, we provisionally distribute these 140 names in 37 valid species names in the genus Phrynocephalus, 102 invalid synonyms of the latter names, and 1 nominal species now referred to another genus. The new subgenus Oreosaura subgen. nov. is described to accomodate viviparous species from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

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A complete catalogue is provided for the type specimens of anguid, dibamid, scincid and varanid lizards in the herpetological collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia (ZISP), as of January 2017. The collection contains a total of 170 type specimens, representing 50 taxa in the four lizard families under consideration. Thirty-one of these taxa are regarded currently as valid. The types of four taxa (one holotype, one lectotype and two paralectotypes) could not be located in the ZISP collections in January 2017. A majority of the types are skinks (43 taxa, 155 types), many of which were described by the late Ilya Darevsky (1924-2009).